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Explorations  of  the  Baum 
Prehistoric  Village  Site 


BY 

WILLIAM    C.   MILLS,    M.  Sc. 

11 

(Curator  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society) 


Reprint  from  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and   Historical  Quarterly 
Volume  XV,   Number  1. 


Columbus 

PRESS   OF    FRED.    J.    HEER 
1906 


NO  TIE1. 

This  report  is  reprinted  from  the  fifteenth  annual  publi 
cation  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society, 
for  the  convenience  of  those  who  are  only  interested  in  the  Arch 
aeological  Department  of  the  Society.  The  annuals  complete  are 
sent  only  to  members  of  the  Society  or  others  especially  entitled 

to  them. 

E.  O.  RANDALL,  Secretary, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 
4 


A 


BAUM   PREHISTORIC  VILLAGE. 


WILLIAM  C.  MILLS. 

The  Bauin  Prehistoric  Village  site  is  situated  in  Twin  Town 
ship,  Ross  County,  Ohio,  just  across  the  river  from  the  small 
borough  of  Bourneville,  upon  the  first  gravel  terrace  of  Paint 
Creek. 

The  Paint  Creek  valley  is  drained  by  Paint  Creek,  a  stream 
of  irregular  turbulence,  flowing  in  a  northeasterly  direction,  and 
emptying  into  the  Scioto  River,  south  of  Chillicothe.  The  Valley, 
at  the  site  of  this  village  upwards  of  two  miles  in  width,  is  sur 
rounded  on  the  east  and  west  by  high  hills  which  are  the  land 
marks  of  nature,  but  little  changed  since  the  days  of  the  pre 
historic  inhabitants. 

Spruce  Hill,  Fig.  i,  with  steep  slope  covered  with  a  dense 
forest,  towers  above  the  surrounding  hills  on  either  side.  The 
top  of  this  hill  is  made  a  veritable  fortress  by  an  artificially  con 
structed  stone  wall,  enclosing  more  than  one  hundred  acres  of 
land.  This  fortress  would  no  doubt  furnish  a  place  of  refuge  to 
those  who  might  be  driven  from  the  extensive  fortifications  in  the 
valley  below,  which  are  in  close  proximity  to  the  mounds  and 
village  of  those  early  people. 

Looking  to  the  south  and  east  from  the  village  site,  one  can 
see  lofty  hills  rising  in  successive  terraces,  no  longer  covered 
with  the  deep  tangled  forest,  but  transformed  by  the  woodman's 
axe,  and  now  under  cultivation,  producing  the  golden  corn,  which 
is  our  inheritance  from  primitive  man  who  inhabited  the  Valley 
of  Paint  Creek  many  centuries  ago. 

The  village  extends  over  ten  acres  or  more  of  ground,  which 
has  been  under  cultivation  for  about  three-quarters  of  a  century. 
Almost  in  the  center  of  this  village,  near  the  edge  of  the  terrace 
to  the  west,  is  located  a  large  square  mound.  This  mound  and 
the  earthworks  which  are  directly  east  of  it,  have  been  known 
since  early  times  as  the  landmarks  of  the  early  settlers  in  this 
section  of  Ross  county.  The  mound  was  first  described  by  Squier- 

§ 


876 


6         Explorations  of  the  Banm  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


FlO.  1  —  Spruce  Hill, 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.          1 

and  Davis  in  1846,  in  their  Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  page  57,  where  they  give  a  description  and  drawing  of 
these  works  (Fig.  2).  However,  Squier  and  Davis  do  not  men 
tion  the  fact  that  a  village  was  present,  nor  that  they  knew  of 
the  village,  as  is  shown  by  their  description.  "This  work  is  sit 
uated  on  the  right  bank  of  Paint  Creek,  fourteen  miles  distant 
from  Chillicothe.  It  is  but  another  combination  of  the  figures 
composing  the  works  belonging  to  this  series,  just  described ; 


FIG.   2 — Baum    Earthworks    (After   Squier   &   Davis).     The  village   site   surrounds   the 
square  truncated  mound  marked  on  the  drawing. 

from  which,  in  structure,  it  differs  in  no  material  respect,  except 
that  the  walls  are  higher  and  heavier. 

It  is  one  of  the  best  preserved  works  in  the  valley ;  the  only 
portion  which  is  much  injured  being  at  that  part  of  the  great 
circle  next  to  the  hill,  where  the  flow  of  water  has  obliterated 
the  wall  for  some  distance.  The  gateways  of  the  square  are  con 
siderably  wider  than  those  of  the  other  works  —  being  nearly 
seventy  feet  across.  A  large,  square,  truncated  mound  occurs  at 


8          Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

some  distance  to  the  north  of  this  work.  It  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  broad  at  the  base,  has  an  area  fifty  feet  square  on 
the  top,  and  is  fifteen  feet  high.  Quantities  of  coarse,  broken 
pottery  are  found  on  and  around  it.  A  deep  pit,  or  dug  hole,  is 
near,  denoting  the  spot  whence  the  earth  composing  the  mound 
was  taken."  This  description,  though  meager,  attracted  the  at 
tention  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  and  they  sent  a  field  party, 
under  the  direction  of  Mi.  Middleton,  to  explore  the  mound,  and 
I  herewith  quote  from  the  twelfth  annual  report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  1890  and  1891.  "The  mound  was  composed  for 
the  most  part  of  clay,  mottled  considerably  with  black  loam  and 
slightly  in  some  places  with  patches  of  a  grayish,  plastic  lime. 
Cross  trenches  were  run  due  north  and  south  and  east  and  west, 
respectively.  The  breadth  of  these  at  the  side  was  from  five  to 
six  feet,  but  as  they  penetrated  inward  they  widened  gradually, 
so  that  at  the  center  the  excavation  became  thirteen  feet  in  diam 
eter.  Considerable  lateral  digging  was  done  from  these  trenches 
to  uncover  skeletons  and  other  indications  appearing  in  their  sides. 

"Two  series  of  upright  postmolds,  averaging  five  inches  in 
diameter  equidistant  ten  inches,  and  forming  a  perfect  circle 
twenty-six  feet  in  diameter,  constitute  a  pre-eminent  feature  of 
this  mound.  Within  these  circular  palings  the  mound  was  pene 
trated  systematically  by  thin  seams  of  fine  sand,  sagging  in  the 
center  and  averaging  one  foot  apart.  Resting  upon  the  natural 
black  loam  at  the  bottom,  timbers  averaging  eight  inches  in  di 
ameter  radiated  from  the  center,  and  in  the  south  and  west 
trenches  were  noticed  to  extend  continuously  to  the  posts.  These 
timbers  were  detected,  for  the  most  part,  by  their  burnt  remains 
and  also  by  the  molds  of  dark  earth  in  the  yellow  clay,  produced 
by  the  decomposition  of  wood.  Directly  over  these  timbers  was 
a  horizontal  line  of  decayed  and  burnt  wood,  but  mostly  decayed, 
averaging  half  an  inch  thick.  The  upright  postmolds  of  the  lower 
series  were  very  distinct  and  measured  five  feet  in  vertical  height. 
In  one  was  found  a  small  sliver  of  what  appeared  to  be  black 
walnut.  Several  of  them  contained  the  burnt  remains  of  wood, 
and  in  many  of  these  instances  the  black  bark  was  clinging  to 
the  sides. 

"Separating  this  from  the  superstructure,  as  will  be  seen  by 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.          9 

reference  to  Fig.  3,  was  a  thin,  sagging  streak  of  burnt  clay.  Here 
and  there  upon  its  surface  scant  traces  of  black  wood  ashes  were 
seen,  while  a  small  quantity  of  white  bone  ashes  lay  scattered 
upon  its  western  border.  This  burnt  streak  overlaid  a  thin  sand 
seam,  below  which  it  seems  it  could  not  penetrate.  The  post- 
molds  of  the  superstructure  consisted  of  a  double  row,  the  outer 
one  being  uniformly  directly  over  the  lower  series  in  a  vertical 
line,  and  separated  from  the  latter  entirely  around  the  circle  by 
a  solid  line  of  gravel.  The  two  rows  of  the  upper  structure 


SECTION  a. 
FIG.  3 — Cross  sections  of  the  Baum  Mound.     (Middleton,  B.   E.   Report  12.) 

averaged  eighteen  inches  apart.  Both  might  have  extended  orig 
inally  above  the  surface  of  the  mound,  since  they  were  discovered 
between  one  and  a  half  and  two  feet  beneath  the  surface,  which 
had  been  considerably  plowed.  Horizontal  timber  molds  a  little 
smaller  in  diameter,  filled,  in  places,  with  charcoal,  could  be 
distinctly  seen  lying  against  the  side  of  each  line  of  posts  at 
the  points  shown  in  the  figure.  These  appear  to  have  been  cross 
beams  or  stays  used  for  bracing  purposes.  In  the  eastern  trench 
a  gap,  three  feet  wide  and  two  inches  deep,  was  noticed  by  the 
absence  of  postmolds  in  both  upper  and  lower  series. 


10       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

"All  the  skeletons  discovered  were  in  the  area  inclosed  by 
these  posts.  The  skeletons  unearthed  were  all  in  a  remarkably 
good  state  of  preservation.  None  of  them  could  have  been  in 
trusively  buried,  for  the  stratification  above  them  was  not  dis 
turbed.  All  excepting  Nos.  15,  16  and  17  lay  upon  one  or  another 
of  the  thin  seams  of  sand. 

"With  skeleton  No.  i  a  bone  implement  was  found  at  the 
back  of  the  cranium,  and  an  incised  shell  and  fragments  of  a  jar 
at  the  right  side  of  it.  With  No.  3,  which  was  that  of  a  child  about 
ten  years  old,  a  small  clay  vessel  was  found  five  inches  behind 
the  cranium.  At  the  left  hand  of  skeleton  No.  8  was  a  shell 
such  as  is  found  in  the  sands  of  Paint  Creek.  A  bone  imple 
ment  was  at  the  back  of  the  cranium  of  No.  9.  With  skeleton 
No.  ii,  were  found  a  lot  of  small  semi-perforated  shell  beads, 
and  two  bone  implements  directly  back  of  the  cranium.  By  the 
right  side  of  the  cranium  were  the  perfect  skull  and  jaws  of  a 
wolf,  and  beneath  these  were  two  perforated  ornaments  of  shell. 
In  the  right  hand  was  a  shell,  such  as  is  found  in  the  creek 
near  by,  while  in  the  left  was  a  pipe  fashioned  from  stone. 

"At  the  right  of  the  feet  of  this  skeleton  was  the  extremity 
of  an  oblong  ashpit,  about  four  feet  long  and  two  feet  broad  and 
one  foot  ten  inches  in  depth.  It  was  filled  with  white  ashes 
which  were  evidently  those  of  human  bones,  since  none  but 
human  bones  could  be  identified.  In  these  ashes  and  compactly 
filled  with  them,  was  an  earth  pot.  It  lay  at  the  right  of  the 
feet  of  skeleton  No.  n.  It  was  lifted  out  of  the  ashes  with 
great  care,  but  the  weight  of  its  contents  and  its  rotten  condi 
tion  caused  it  to  break  in  pieces  before  it  could  be  placed  upon 
the  ground.  Numerous  other  pieces  of  pottery  of  a  similar  char 
acter  were  found  in  these  ashes,  and  it  is  not  improbable,  from 
the  indications,  that  all  these  ashes  were  originally  placed  in  pots 
before  interment.  A  perforated  shell  disk,  two  inches  in  diam 
eter,  and  a  lump  of  soggy  sycamore  wood  were  gathered  from 
the  ashes.  Neither  wood  nor  shell  bore  any  signs  of  having 
been  burnt. 

"Skeleton  No.  15  lay  seven  feet  deep  and  a  half  foot  below 
the  general  burnt  streak.  It  was  originally  covered  with  a  wooden 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        11 

structure  of  some  kind,  for  the  cores  of  two  red  cedar  timbers 
were  resting  lengthwise  upon  the  body  and  the  burnt  remains 
of  probably  two  others  could  be  plainly  seen  on  each  side,  placed 
parallel  to  those  upon  the  body.  This  red  cedar  was  still  sound, 
but  the  white  wood  which  envelopes  the  red  cores  seemed  to  be 
burnt  entirely  to  charcoal.  The  indications  are  that  these  tim 
bers  were  originally  one  foot  above  the  body,  for  the  earth  to 
that  extent  over  the  whole  length  of  the  body  was  very  soft. 
The  timbers  were  noticed  to  extend  slightly  beyond  the  head  and 
feet,  while  the  head  upon  which  they  lay  was  upon  its  right  side. 
The  earth  above  them  was  a  mixture  of  clay  and  fine  sand  and 
peculiarly  moist.  The  length  of  this  skeleton  to  the  ankle  bones 
was  six  feet  and  one  inch.  Two  bone  implements  were  found 
at  its  head,  and  at  its  right  side  near  the  head  were  two  frag 
ments  of  polished  tubes  and  a  hollowpoint  of  bone,  which  ap 
pears  to  have  been  shaped  with  a  steel  knife.  Three  bone  im 
plements  were  found  beneath  the  right  elbow  of  skeleton  No.  13." 

I  have  quoted  at  some  length  from  the  Report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  because  it  is  the  only  account  we  have  of  the  ma 
terial  taken  from  the  mound,  which  is  located  almost  in  the 
center  of  the  village  site. 

However,  the  contents  of  the  mound  are  not  available  for 
inspection,  at  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  and  we  are  compelled 
to  rely  upon  the  description  and  drawing  given  by  the  explorer, 
Mr.  Middleton,  both  in  regard  to  mode  of  burial  and  the  arti 
facts  placed  in  the  grave.  So  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge  by  hav 
ing  before  me  the  description  of  the  explorations  of  the  mound 
and  the  implements,  ornaments  and  pottery  found  in  such  pro 
fusion  with  the  burials  in  the  village,  I  would  say  that  the  builders 
of  the  mound  were  isochronological  with  the  dwellers  in  the 
village.  The  bone  arrowpoint  mentioned  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
quotation  as  having  the  appearance  of  having  been  shaped  with 
a  steel  knife,  was  duplicated  many  times  in  every  section  of  the 
village,  and  was  simply  an  unfinished  arrowpoint,  having  been 
worked  with  a  heavy  piece  of  flint  used  as  a  scraper,  and  not  as 
one  would  use  a  steel  knife.  An  ordinary  pocket  glass  will  reveal 
the  concave  appearance  of  the  cut,  and  at  the  same  time  show 
the  scratches  made  by  the  uneven  fracture  of  flint.  I  have  dis- 


12       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


cussed  at  some  length  the  making  of  arrowpoints,  from  the  tips 
of  the  tines  and  the  toe  bones  of  the  deer  in  the  Explorations 
of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  site,  Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist. 
Quarterly,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  2. 

In  1897  Dr.  Loveberry,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Moore- 
head,  examined  a  small  portion  of  this  village,  and  I  herewith 
quote  from  the  conclusions  of  Prof.  Moorehead,  which  are  found 
in  Vol.  7,  page  151,  of  the  publications  of  the  Ohio  State  Archae 
ological  and  Historical  Society. 


FIG.    4— The    village    site,    mound    in    the    distance    to    the    left. 

"With  other  village  sites  of  the  Scioto  this  has  much  in 
common.  While  larger  than  the  average,  yet  it  can  be  said  that 
it  presents  somewhat  of  a  lower  culture  than  others  connected 
with  great  earthworks.  It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  not  a 
great  number  of  burial  mounds  within  or  without  the  enclosure. 
Those  two  to  four  miles  west,  along  Paint  Creek,  may  have  been 
used  by  the  occupants  of  the  enclosure  for  their  interments,  but 

.  one  cannot  say  positively.  The  character  of  the  relics  and  the 
lack  of  evidence  of  high  aboriginal  art  at  this  place  are  taken  as 

'.  evidence  of  the  primitive  character  of  the  villagers.     I  do  not 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        13 

think  that  they  were  the  same  people  who  erected  the  earth 
work,  or  of  the  same  tribe.  At  Hopewell's,  Hopetown,  Har 
ness's  and  the  Mound  City  fragments  of  elaborately  carved  shells, 
rings,  polished  pipes,  both  effigy  and  platform,  etc.,  have  been 
found.  None  of  these  truly  polished,  ceremonial,  or  artistic  ob 
jects  were  found  in  the  ash  pits  or  on  the  habitation  sites  of  the 
Baum  village  site.  The  place  is  interesting  in  that  it  shows  a 
lower  degree  of  culture  than  that  evinced  on  the  sites  above  men 
tioned.  This  naturally  brings  forward  the  question  — •  Is  this  a 
later  occupation?  Is  it  an  earlier  one?  I  am  convinced  that  it 
antedates  the  construction  of  the  works.  I  do  not  think  it  is 
of  the  historic  period,  and  if  Indian,  of  some  tribe  which  knew 
little  or  naught  of  agriculture.  No  pestles  were  found.  The 
bones  of  animals  and  the  unios  from  the  creek,  found  in  such 
profusion,  would  indicate  the  presence  of  a  hunting  tribe.  No 
foreign  substances  were  present.  Flint  Ridge  material  was  ab 
sent.  Neither  the  effigy  of  the  fox,  nor  the  rude  sculpture  upon 
the  pipe  can  be  classed  with  the  beautiful  carvings  of  other  Scioto 
Valley  culture-sites." 

From  the  above  quotations  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Baum 
Mound  and  Village  Site  has  had  some  attention  from  the  Archae 
ologist  and  was  considered  by  them  of  more  than  ordinary  im 
portance. 

In  the  following  pages  I  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  work 
of  three  seasons  in  the  village,  bringing  to  light  forty-nine  tepee 
sites  which  were  more  or  less  the  permanent  abode  of  the  dwellers, 
one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  burials  which  surrounded  the 
tepees  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  subterranean  storehouses, 
in  which  were  stored  the  winter  supplies  and  which  were  after 
wards  used  for  refuse  pits. 

During  the  summer  of  1899,  I  examined  a  section  of  the  vil 
lage  which  lays  directly  south  of  the  mound,  extending  the  work 
to  the  west,  and  finally  ending  the  work  of  the  season  directly 
north  of  the  mound.  During  the  summer  of  1903,  I  examined 
a  large  portion  of  the  village  directly  east  of  the  mound,  and 
during  the  summer  of  1902,  sections  were  examined  northeast 
of  the  mound,  extending  along  the  edge  of  the  gravel  terrace, 
directly  southeast  of  the  mound. 


14        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


^lIllVi  /   W 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        15 

The  examination  of  these  various  sections  were  made  to 
discover,  if  possible,  the  extent  of  the  village,  as  well  as  to 
ascertain  the  mode  of  life  in  the  various  sections,  and  whether 
the  same  people  inhabited  the  village  in  all  its  parts. 

The  land  upon  which  this  village  is  situated  has  been  owned 
by  the  Baums  for  more  than  three  quarters  of  a  century.  At 
the  present  time  the  land  upon  which  the  village  proper  is  situ 
ated  is  owned  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Baum  and  Mr.  Pollard  Hill,  and 
through  the  kindness  of  these  gentlemen,  I  was  not  in  any  way 
restricted  in  my  examination  of  the  village;  in  fact,  they  as 
sisted  me  in  many  ways  to  make  the  work  pleasant  and  profit 
able.  About  three  quarters  of  a  century  ago,  Mr.  Baum's  grand 
father  cleared  this  land,  which  was  then  covered  with  a  growth 
of  large  trees  of  various  kinds,  such  as  the  black  walnut,  oak 
sycamore,  and  ash,  and  it  has  practically  been  under  cultivation 
ever  since.  The  top  surface  consists  of  from  twelve  to  thirty-six 
inches  of  leaf  mould,  and  alluvial  deposit,  which  overlies  a  thin 
stratum  of  compact  clay.  Directly  beneath  this  clay  or  hardpan, 
is  found  gravel. 

During  the  entire  examination  of  this  village,  something  less 
than  two  acres  of  ground  was  dug  over,  and  examined  inch  by 
inch  by  the  aid  of  the  pick,  spade  and  small  hand  trowel,  bringing 
to  light  the  habitations  and  burial  places  of  these  early  people. 

No  one  living  in  this  section,  not  even  those  cultivating  the 
soil  for  the  three  quarters  of  a  century  mentioned,  knew  that  the 
remains  of  a  buried  city  of  a  prehistoric  people  lay  only  a  few 
inches  beneath  the  surface.  As  the  examination  progressed  it 
was  evident  that  a  few  pages,  at  least,  of  the  history  of  remote 
time,  were  being  revealed  in  the  deep  pits,  which  served  as  sub 
terranean  storehouses  for  the  early  agriculturists.  A  few  more 
pages  were  brought  to  light  when  deep  down  in  the  clay,  the 
burial  grounds  for  each  family  were  discovered,  and  still  a  few 
more  pages  when  the  tepee,  with  its  fireplace,  stone  mortars,  im 
plements  and  ornaments,  lying  in  profusion  upon  the  floor  of  the 
little  home,  partially  told  in  silent  language  of  the  great  drama 
of  life,  enacted  by  those  early  people. 

T  herewith  "resent  a  drawing,  Fig.  6,  of  a  portion  of  the 


16       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


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I' jo.   0  —  Tepee   site,  surrounded  on   one  side  by  the  burial   ground   and  on   the   other 
by  underground  storehouses. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.         17 

village  farthest  to  the  northeast  of  the  mound,  which  shows  the 
site  of  a  large  tepee,  the  largest  found  during  the  explorations 
and,  perhaps,  the  most  interesting  in  this,  that  this  tepee  was 
never  changed  and  always  occupied  the  exact  ground  upon  which 
it  was  originally  built,  while  in  many  other  instances  the  tepee 
was  shifted  from  place  to  place,  even  occupying  the  ground  used 
for  burial  purposes,  and  the  deserted  tepee  site  afterwards  be 
ing  used  for  the  burial  of  the  dead,  or  for  subterranean  store 
houses.  As  I  have  stated,  this  tepee  was  the  largest  found  in 
the  village ;  of  oblong  construction  and  measuring  upwards  of 
twenty-one  feet  in  length  by  twelve  feet  in  width  inside  of  the 
posts.  The  posts  were  large,  as  shown  by  the  postmolds,  and 
consisted  of  twenty-one  set  upright  in  the  ground,  the  smallest 
being  five  inches  in  diameter  and  the  largest  nine  and  one-fourth 
inches.  On  the  inside  seven  other  posts  similar  in  size  to  the  outer 
ones  were  promiscuously  placed,  presumably  for  the  support  of 
the  roof.  The  posts  for  the  most  part  consisted  of  the  trunks  of 
small  trees,  with  the  bark  attached,  placed  in  the  ground.  The 
imprint  of  the  bark  was  quite  visible,  but  the  trees  all  being 
young  it  would  be  impossible  to  identify  from  the  bark  the  kind 
of  trees  used  in  the  construction  of  the  tepee.  The  posts  were 
made  the  proper  length  by  the  use  of  fire,  and  no  doubt  the 
trees  were  felled  by  fire,  for  at  the  bottom  of  the  postmolds 
charcoal  was  invariably  found.  The  covering  of  the  tepee  evi 
dently  consisted  of  bark,  grass  or  skins,  as  no  indications  were 
found  pointing  to  the  use  of  earth  as  a  mud  plaster  in  the  con 
struction  of  the  sides  or  top.  The  fireplace  was  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  tepee  and  was  about  four  feet  in  diameter,  six  inches 
deep  at  the  center  and  three  inches  deep  at  the  edge,  and  had 
very  much  the  appearance  of  having  been  plastered  from  time  to 
time  with  successive  layers  of  clay.  The  earth  beneath  the  fire 
place  was  burned  a  brick-red  to  the  depth  of  eight  inches.  The 
original  floor  of  the  tepee  had  been  made  fairly  smooth,  but  almost 
six  inches  of  earth  had  little  by  little  and  from  time  to  time  been 
placed  upon  the  floor.  This  earth  had  scattered  through  it  im 
plements  and  ornaments,  both  finished  and  unfinished,  polishing 
2 


18        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

stones,  broken  pottery,  hammer  stones,  a  large  stone  mortar,  and 
many  animal  bones,  especially  of  the  deer,  raccoon,  bear,  and 
wild  turkey.  As  the  animals  named  were  most  likely  killed 
during  the  winter  season,  one  must  infer  that  the  tepee  was  the 
scene  of  domestic  activities  during  the  winter,  and  that  during 


FlO.   7  —  Animal    bones,    mussel    shells,    broken    pottery,    mortars,    hammer    stones   and    im 
plements  of  bone,  stone  and  shell   taken   from   the  refuse  pits. 

the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  the  preparation  of  food  was 
mostly  done  outside  of  the  tepee  at  the  large  fireplaces  marked 
upon  the  drawing  (Fig.  6).  However,  the  tepee  described  above 
is  not  typical  of  the  village  as  far  as  size  and  shape  and  sur 
roundings  are  concerned.  The  average  tepee  is  about  one-half 
the  size  and  invariably  circular  in  form,  and  the  posts  used  in 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        19 

their  construction  much  smaller.  The  inside  of  the  tepees  are 
practically  all  the  same.  The  surroundings  of  the  tepee,  such  as 
the  subterranean  storehouses  and  the  burial  places,  depend  upon 
the  size  of  the  tepee.  Surrounding  the  large  tepee  just  described, 
to  the  south  was  the  burial  ground  where  thirty  burials  were 
unearthed,  the  largest  in  the  village.  Of  these  burials  twenty 
had  not  reached  beyond  the  age  of  adolescents,  showing  that 
sixty-six  and  two-third  per  cent,  of  the  family  group  never 
reached  the  adult  age.  Fourteen  of  the  twenty  were  under  six 
years  of  age,  showing  that  the  mortality  among  small  children 
was  very  great,  being  fully  seventy  per  cent.,  not  taking  into  ac 
count  the  four  small  babies  found  in  the  refuse  pits  which  sur 
rounded  the  tepee.  The  mortality  of  the  young  under  the  adult 
age  in  this  family  is  greater  than  in  any  other  individual  family 
discovered  in  the  village.  Out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
burials  unearthed  in  the  village,  seventy-four  were  under  the  age 
of  sixteen,  showing  that  fully  fifty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  children 
never  reached  the  adult  age.  Of  the  seventy-four  children  under 
the  age  of  sixteen,  fifty-six  were  under  the  age  of  six  years, 
showing  that  fully  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  children  born  to 
these  early  peoples  died  before  they  attained  the  age  of  six  years, 
not  taking  into  account  the  twenty-four  very  small  babies  found 
in  the  ashes  and  refuse  in  the  abandoned  subterranean  storehouses 
in  various  parts  of  the  village. 

The  burials  of  this  wigwam  group  present  another  interest 
ing  feature,  found  in  only  one  other  part  of  the  village,  that  of 
placing  perfect  pieces  of  pottery  in  the  grave.  Four  burials  rep 
resenting  five  individuals,  had  each  a  pottery  vessel  placed  near 
the  head.  All  were  carefully  removed,  but  were  more  or  less 
broken  by  freezing.  The  vessels  have  been  restored  and  will  be 
described  elsewhere  in  this  monograph.  Two  of  the  vessels  were 
placed  with  adults  and  each  contained  a  single  bone  awl  made 
from  the  shoulder  blade  of  the  deer ;  a  few  broken  bones  of  the 
deer  and  wild  turkey  were  found  in  one,  and  quite  a  number 
of  mussel  shells  with  a  few  deer  bones  were  found  in  the  other. 
The  other  two  vessels  were  placed  in  the  graves  of  children. 


20       Explorations  of  the  Banni  Prehistoric  tillage  Site. 

One  with  a  double  burial,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  a  few  broken  bones 
of  the  wild  turkey  were  found  in  the  vessel,  together  with  two 
mussel  shells  worked  into  spoons.  The  vessel  was  placed  near 
the  head  of  the  older  child,  whose  age  would  not  exceed  four  and 
one-half  years.  Two  large  bone  awls  made  of  the  heavy  leg 
bones  of  the  elk  were  placed  outside  of  the  vessel  and  near  the 
head,  while  in  all  the  other  burials  where  pottery  was  found,  the 
awls  were  placed  inside  of  the  vessel.  The  other  vessel  contained 


FIG.  8  —  Headless  skeleton,  with  a  large  pottery  vessel  placed  at  the  head  of  the  grave. 


bones  of  fish  and  a   few   small  mussel  shells,  together  with  an 
awl  made  from  the  tibiotarsus  of  the  wild  turkey. 

Another  interesting  feature  of  one  of  the  burials  of  this 
group  and  which  was  not  found  in  any  other  section  of  the  vil 
lage,  was  the  finding  of  a  fine-grained  sand-stone  slab,  nineteen 
and  one-fourth  inches  long  by  five  inches  in  width  by  one  inch 
thick  placed  under  the  head  of  the  skeleton.  The  slab  had  the 
appearance  of  having  been  water  worn,  but  had  received  an  ad- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        21 

ditional  polish  by  rubbing,  the  effect  being  noticeable  over  the 
entire  surface  of  the  stone.  One  side  is  perfectly  plain  ;  the  other 
side,  finely  polished,  contains  three  indentations  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  deep,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Another  feature  of  this  interesting  group  is  the  finding  of  a 
few  copper  beads  associated  with  shell  beads  in  one  of  the  burials. 
This  find  is  the  only  instance  where  copper  was  found  during  the 
entire  exploration  in  the  village.  However,  it  shows  that  the 
denizens  were  familiar  with  and  possessed  this  very  desirable 
metal. 

The  refuse  pits  surrounding  the  tepee  to  the  north  were  per 
haps  the  most  interesting  in  the  village,  for  here  abundant  evi 
dence  was  found  showing  that  the  refuse  pits  were  originally  in 
tended  and  used  for  a  storehouse  for  corn,  beans  and  nuts,  and 
perhaps,  for  the  temporary  storage  of  animal  food,  etc.,  and 
afterwards  used  as  a  receptacle  for  refuse  from  the  camp.  For 
some  time  I  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  large  cistern-like  holes 
were  dug  for  the  express  purpose  of  getting  rid  of  the  refuse,  but 
as  the  explorations  progressed  I  soon  discovered  their  real  pur 
pose  by  finding  the  charred  remains  of  the  ears  of  corn  placed 
in  regular  order  on  the  bottom  of  the  pit;  and  I  was  further 
rewarded  by  finding  pits  in  various  sections  of  the  village  con 
taining  charred  corn,  beans,  hickory  nuts,  walnuts,  etc.,  which 
had  been  stored  in  the  pit  and  no  doubt  accidentally  destroyed. 
Since  completing  my  examination-  of  the  B'aum  Village  I  ex 
amined  the  Gartner  Mound  as  well  as  the  village  site  which  sur 
rounded  the  mound,  and  find  that  the  two  villages  had  very  much 
in  common.  The  family  grouping  and  the  subterranean  store 
house  were  identical  in  every  respect  with  those  at  the  Baum 
Village,  therefore,  I  quote  from  my  report  upon  this  village  site, 
Vol.  13,  page  128,  publications  of  the  Ohio  Archneological  and 
Historical  Society,  including  a  photograph  of  explorations  at 
Gartner's  showing  the  close  proximity  of  the  pits  and  the  large 
number  exposed  at  one  time :  "The  refuse  pits,  which  are  so 
abundant  in  the  villages  of  the  Paint  Creek  valley,  were  present 
in  great  numbers  and  distributed  over  the  village  site  surround- 


22        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

ing  the  habitats  of  the  various  families.  Fig.  No.  9  shows  ten  of 
these  pits  open  at  one  time.  During  the  examination  in  the  vil 
lage,  more  than  one  hundred  pits  were  found  and  thoroughly  ex 
amined.  The  evidence  produced  by  this  examination  shows  that 
twenty  per  cent,  of  the  pits  examined  were  originally  used  for 
storehouses  for  grain,  beans  and  nuts,  and  perhaps  for  animal 
food.  These  pits  were  lined  with  straw  or  bark  and  in  some  in 
stances  the  ears  of  corn  laid  in  regular  order  upon  the  bottom; 
in  other  instances  the  corn  was  shelled  and  placed  in  woven  bags ; 
in  others  shelled  corn  and  beans  were  found  together;  in  others 
hickory  nuts,  walnuts,  chestnuts  and  seeds  of  the  pawpaw  were 
present  in  goodly  numbers.  All  this  was  in  the  charred  state,  acci 
dentally  caused,  no  doubt  by  fire  being  blown  into  these  pits  and  the 
supplies  practically  destroyed  before  the  flames  were  subdued. 
The  burning  of  these  supplies  must  have  been  a  great  loss  to 
these  primitive  people  and  may  have  caused  them  great  suffer 
ing  during  the  severe  winters,  but  it  has  left  a  record  of  their 
industry  which  never  could  have  been  ascertained  in  any  other 
way.  The  great  number  of  pits  found,  which  show  conclusively 
by  their  charred  remains  their  early  uses,  would  lead  one  to  be 
lieve  that  all  the  pits  found  were  used  originally  for  underground 
storehouses  and  by  spring  time,  when  the  supplies  were  likely 
consumed,  a  general  forced  cleaning  up  of  their  domiciles  and 
surroundings  would  occur  and  the  empty  storehouse  would  serve 
as  a  receptacle  for  this  refuse,  which  was  henceforth  used  for 
that  purpose  until  completely  filled.  During  the  autumn,  when 
the  harvest  time  came,  a  new  storehouse  would  be  dug  and  the 
grain  and  nuts  gathered  and  stored  for  winter  use.  The  exam 
ination  of  the  pits  has  brought  out  the  above  conclusions,  as 
evidenced  by  the  refuse  therein.  Near  the  bottom  of  the  pits  will 
invariably  be  found  the  heads  of  various  animals  such  as  the 
deer,  with  antlers  attached,  black  bear,  raccoon,  gray  fox,  rabbit 
and  the  wild  turkey,  as  well  as  the  large,  heavy,  broken  bones  of 
these  animals  such  as  would  likely  be  found  around  a  winter 
camp.  Further,  some  of  the  large  bones  showed  that  they  had 
been  gnawed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        23 


fc#v. 


* 


w* 


24        Explorations  of  the  Banm  Prehistoric  yillagc  Site. 

domesticated  dog,  whose  presence  was  further  corroborated  by 
finding  his  remains  in  every  part  of  the  village.  Therefore,  tak 
ing  all  these  facts  into  consideration,  one  must  necessarily  infer 
that  the  spring  cleaning  took  place  and  animal  bones,  broken 
pottery  and  the  general  refuse  was  thrown  into  the  pits.  Further, 
the  remains  of  fish  are  seldom  ever  found  near  the  bottom  of  the 
pits,  but  usually  occur  from  the  top  to  about  the  middle.  Mussel 
shells  are  never  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  pits,  but  are  usually 
found  near  the  middle  or  half  way  between  the  middle  and  top 
of  the  pit.  We  know  that  fish  and  mussels  must  be  taken  during 
the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  and  are  certainly  very  hard  to 
procure  during  the  winter."  The  same  conditions  as  described 
above  were  found  at  Baum  Village. 

Another  notable  feature  in  this  village  was  the  finding  of 
the  Indian  dog,  and  I  quote  from  my  preliminary  report,  page 
81,  Vol.  X,  Publication  of  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical 
Society :  "The  bones  of  the  old  Indian  dog  were  found  in  great 
numbers,  and  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  dog  was  one  of 
their  domestic  animals,  for  it  is  known  that  dogs  were  domesti 
cated  long  before  the  earliest  records  of  history,  their  remains 
being  found  in  connection  with  the  rude  implements  of  the 
ancient  cave  and  lake  dwellers  all  through  Europe.  However, 
the  history  and  description  of  the  Indian  dog,  in  the  ancient  times, 
is  yet  a  subject  far  from  solution.  The  remains  of  the  dog  found 
in  this  village  site  were  described  by  Professor  Lucas,  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington,  as  being  a  short-faced  dog, 
much  of  the  size  and  proportions  of  a  bull  terrier,  though  prob 
ably  not  short-haired.  Professor  Lucas  says  he  has  obtained  spec 
imens  apparently  of  the  same  breed  from  the  village  sites  in 
Texas  and  from  old  Pueblos.  Professor  Putnam,  of  Harvard 
University,  for  more  than  twenty  years  has  been  collecting  bones 
of  dogs  in  connection  with  pre-historic  burials  in  various  parts 
of  America,  and  a  study  of  the  skulls  of  these  dogs  found  in  the 
mounds  and  burial  places  in  Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina, 
Ohio,  Kentucky  and  New  York,  and  from  the  great  shell  heaps 
of  Maine,  show  that  a  distinct  variety  or  species  of  dog  was  dis- 


Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        25 

tributed  over  North  America  in  pre-Columbian  times.  Appar 
ently  the  same  variety  of  dog  is  found  in  the  ancient  site  of  the 
Swiss  Lake  dwellers  at  Neufchatel,  also  in  the  ancient  tombs  of 
Thebes  in  Egypt.  Professor  Putnam  further  says :  "This  variety 
of  dog  is  apparently  identical  with  the  pure-bred  Scotch  Collie 
of  to-day.  If  this  is  the  case,  the  pre-historic  dog  in  America, 
Europe  and  Egypt  and  its  persistence  to  the  present  time  as  a 
thoroughbred  is  suggestive  of  a  distinct  species  of  the  genus  canis, 
which  was  domesticated  several  thousand  years  ago,  and  also  that 
the  pre-historic  dog  in  America  was  brought  to  this  continent  by 
very  early  emigrants  from  the  old  world." 

He  further  states :  "That  comparisons  have  not  been  made 
with  dogs  that  have  been  found  in  the  tribes  of  the  Southwest, 
the  ancient  Mexicans,  and  with  the  Eskimo." 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century  Columbus  found 
two  kinds  of  dogs  in  the  West  Indies  and  later  Fernandez  de 
scribed  three  kinds  of  dogs  in  Mexico,  and  as  Professor  Lucas 
has  been  able  to  trace  the  Baum  Village  dog  into  the  far  South 
west,  it  is  very  likely  one  of  the  kinds  described  by  Fernandez. 
However,  it  must  be  admitted  that  comparisons  have  not  been 
made  with  sufficient  exactness  to  place  the  Baum  Village  dog 
with  any  of  those  described  by  the  early  writers. 

During  the  entire  exploration  fifty  bones  of  the  dog  were 
removed,  representing  perhaps  as  many  individuals.  Some  of 
the  bones  showed  marks  of  the  flint  knife  upon  them,  others 
were  made  into  ornaments,  while  others  were  broken  in  similar 
manner  to  bones  of  the  deer  and  raccoon.  Seven  skulls  were 
found,  but  all  had  been  broken  in  order  to  remove  the  brain. 

During  the  explorations  at  the  Gartner  Village,  which  is  lo 
cated  six  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  along  the  Scioto  River, 
remains  of  the  Indian  dog  were  found  in  the  refuse  pits  similar 
to  those  at  the  Baum  Village,  and  their  osteological  character  ac 
cord  in  every  respect  with  the  dog  found  at  the  Baum  Village  site. 

FOOD   RESOURCES. 

From  our  examination  of  this  village  and  the  evidence  re 
vealed  by  the  refuse  pits  and  the  sites  of  their  little  homes  shows 
that  these  early  inhabitants  were  not  savages  depending  entirely 


26  Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 

upon  the  wild  food  for  their  subsistence,  but  were  barbarians  hav 
ing  a  settled  place  of  abode,  a  developed  agriculture,  the  storage 
of  food  supplies  for  future  use,  and  the  domestication  of  at  least 
one  animal,  namely,  the  Indian  dog,  which  of  all  animals  would 
best  show  adaptation  to  his  master's  wants  and  pleasures. 

ANIMAL    FOOD. 

It  is  evident  from  the  large  quantity  of  animal  remains  found 
in  the  pits,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Baum  Village  site  depended 
upon  the  chase  for  a  very  large  part  of  their  subsistence.  Every 
where  about  the  village,  especially  in  the  abandoned  storehouses 
and  in  the  sites  of  wigwams,  the  broken  bones  of  various  ani 
mals,  that  were  used  as  food,  were  found  in  abundance.  The 
abandoned  storehouse  was  a  veritable  mine  for  animal  bones.  A 
memorandum  of  all  the  bones  taken  from  one  pit  was  made. 
The  pit  measured  three  feet  and  seven  inches  in  diameter  by 
five  feet  ten  inches  in  depth  and  contained  375  bones  and  shells, 
some  of  which  were  mere  fragments,  while  others,  such  as  the 
leg  bones  of  the  beaver,  groundhog  and  raccoon  were  in  a  per 
fect  state.  A  summary  of  all  the  bones  and  shells  is  as  fol 
lows  :  Virginia  deer,  thirty-five  per  cent. ;  wild  turkey,  ten  per 
cent. ;  two  species  of  fresh  water  unios,  ten  per  cent ;  gray 
fox,  ten  per  cent. ;  raccoon,  five  per  cent. ;  black  bear,  five  per 
cent. ;  box  turtle,  five  per  cent. ;  the  remainder  of  the  bones  be 
ing  divided  about  equally  between  the  groundhog,  wild  cat,  elk, 
opossum,  beaver,  rabbit,  wild  goose,  and  great  horned  owl.  By 
far  the  largest  number  of  bones  were  those  of  the  Virginia  deer 
(Odocoileus  virginianus).  Out  of  twenty  barrels  of  bones 
brought  to  the  museum,  fully  thirty-five  per  cent,  were  of  this 
animal.  It  will  therefore  be  safe  to  say  that  thirty-five  per 
cent,  of  all  the  animals  used  for  food  by  these  aboriginal  inhab 
itants  of  Baum  Village  were  the  Virginia  deer.  At  the  Gartner 
Village,  six  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  this  animal  constituted 
fully  fifty  per  cent,  of  all  the  animals  used  for  food. 

The  general  characteristic  of  the  deer  at  Baum  Village  was 
similar  to  the  modern  species.  The  antlers  have  a  sub-basal  snag 
beyond  which  the  beam  is  curved  forward  and  soon  after  forks 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        27 

dichotomously,  the  lower  fork  again  forking,  presenting  a  beam 
with  three  practical  vertical  tines  rising  above  it,  thus  demon 
strating  that  the  Virginia  deer  has  remained  practically  unchanged 
since  the  time  of  these  aboriginal  inhabitants. 

During  the  explorations  three  hundred  and  fifty  lower  jaws 
were  removed  from  the  refuse  pits,  which  would  represent  about 
that  number  of  individual  animals.  Of  this  number  only  one  jaw 
has  been  removed  in  perfect  condition,  the  others  being  more  or 
less  broken.  Out  of  the  three  hundred  and  fifty  jaws  examined, 
fifty  seven  were  from  young  deer  under  the  age  of  maturity,  and 
sixty-two  were  those  of  old  animals  having  their  teeth  very  much 
worn.  In  the  remainder  the  teeth  were  in  a  perfect  condition, 
and  showed  that  the  animal  had  reached  the  age  of  maturity. 

Fifty  skulls  of  this  animal  were  procured  from  the  refuse 
pits,  and  only  two,  or  four  per  cent,  of  the  fifty  were  females, 
and  the  remaining  forty-eight  or  ninety-six  per  cent,  were  males. 
Seventy-four  per  cent,  of  the  males  were  killed  during  the  Fall 
and  Winter  seasons,  while  only  twenty-two  per  cent,  were  killed 
during  the  Spring  and  Summer.  The  small  per  cent,  of  female 
skulls  shows  that  aboriginal  man,  in  the  killing  of  animals,  made 
a  selection  with  reference  to  the  perpetuation  of  the  source  of 
supply.  Moreover,  the  great  quantity  of  animals  killed  during 
the  Fall  and  Winter,  shows  that  the  huntsman  depended  largely 
upon  animal  food  to  tide  him  through  the  Winter.  In  the  other 
seasons,  corn,  beans  and  nuts  of  various  kinds  furnished  him 
his  subsistence. 

Elk  (Cervus  canadensis)  — Is  the  largest  mammal  found  in 
the  village.  The  bones  of  this  animal  are  not  abundant  in  the  refuse 
pits,  perhaps  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  securing  such  a  large 
and  fleet  animal.  Almost  every  pit  would  reveal  a  few  bones, 
and  these  were  broken  into  small  pieces,  not  a  single  perfect 
large  bone  being  found,  as  all  had  been  broken  into  small  frag 
ments  in  order  that  every  particle  of  attached  food  might  be 
obtained.  The  large  pieces  of  the  heavy  leg  bones  were  made 
into  awls  and  other  implements,  and  the  metapodal  bones  into 
scrapers ;  likewise  every  portion  of  the  large  antlers  were  utilized 
in  the  manufacture  of  celt-like  scrapers,  flaking  tools  and  spear 
points. 


28        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 

Black  Bear  (Ursus  americanus) — Appear  in  goodly  num 
bers  in  every  section  of  the  village.  Twenty-three  broken  skulls 
were  removed  from  the  pits,  all  having  the  posterior  portions 
broken  away  in  order  that  the  brain  might  be  removed.  Seventy 
lower  jaws  were  found,  but  all  were  imperfect,  the  defects  be 
ing  caused  by  the  removal  of  the  canine  teeth,  which  necessi 
tated  destroying  the  jaw.  The  canines  of  the  bear  are  the  only 
teeth  used  for  ornament,  and  are  usually  perforated  with  a  small 
hole  near  the  end  of  the  root  for  attachment. 

Wolf  (Canis  occidentalis) — Is  another  large  animal  found 
very  sparingly  in  the  refuse  pits,  and  must  have  been  very  dif 
ficult  to  capture.  During  the  entire  exploration  only  one  head 
was  found  with  the  teeth  in  place,  although  quite  a  number  of 
upper  and  lower  jaws  cut  into  ornaments  were  found.  The  large 
leg  bones  were  also  broken  into  fragments  or  made  into  imple 
ments.  The  canine  teeth  were  perforated  near  the  end  of  the 
root  for  attachment.  The  posterior  premolars  were  invariably  re 
moved  from  the  jaw  and  perforated  for  attachment. 

Mountain  Lion  (Felis  concolor)  — The  bones  of  this  animal 
are  not  met  with  in  abundance  in  this  village,  although  several 
of  the  large  leg  bones  have  been  found  as  well  as  various  por 
tions  of  seven  skulls.  The  broken  bones  are  sparingly  found  in 
every  portion  of  the  village,  and  the  teeth,  such  as  the  canines,  the 
upper  posterior  premolars  and  the  lower  molars  were  perforated 
and  used  as  ornaments. 

Wild  Cat  (Lynx  rufa)  —  The  bones  of  this  animal  are  found 
in  great  abundance  in  every  section  of  the  village.  Portions  of 
thirty  skulls  and  parts  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  lower 
jaws  were  secured.  Only  a  few  perfect  leg  bones  were  found 
and  these  showed  plainly  the  marks  of  the  flint  knife  in  remov 
ing  the  flesh  from  the  bones.  The  canine  teeth  were  much  sought 
after  for  ornament  and  not  a  single  lower  jaw  taken  from  this 
village  has  the  canine  teeth  in  place. 

Raccoon  (Procyon  lotor) — The  bones  of  the  racoon  are 
more  abundant  in  this  village  than  any  other  animal  belonging 
to  the  order  Carnivora,  although  every  family  of  the  order  is 
represented.  The  bones  for  the  most  part  were  broken  and  not 
more  than  ten  perfect  femurs  were  secured.  Thirty-five  frag- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        29 

mentary  skulls,  one  perfect  skull  ajnd  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  parts  of  lower  jaws  were  taken  from  the  pits.  The  perfect 
skull  was  that  of  a  very  old  animal.  The  upper  canine  teeth 
seem  to  be  the  only  teeth  selected  from  the  raccoon  for  orna 
ment.  Many  of  the  leg  bones  were  made  into  beads,  and  the 
fibulas  were  invariably  made  into  awls  or  perforators. 

Gray  Fox  (Urocyon  virginianus) — This  animal  was  cer 
tainly  plentiful  in  this  section  of  the  Paint  Creek  Valley,  as  the 
bones  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  village.  During  the  ex 
plorations  over  two  hundred  lower  jaws  and  over  twenty  frag 
mentary  skulls  were  secured. 

Indian  Dog  (Canis)  — This  animal  was  found  in  every  sec 
tion  of  the  village  and  I  have  described  this  dog  at  some  length 
in  the  preceding  pages. 

The  dental  formula  is  as  follows : 

1       3-3         c      1-1          p       4-4  2-2 

-1'      3-3          *""    1-1          r-      4-4          M-      6-3  ~4- 

The  canine  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  are  quite  large  and  strong, 
the  inner  edge  of  each  being  quite  sharp.  The  first  molar  is  large 
with  chisel-shaped  cones  upon  the  surface  of  the  anterior  part 
of  the  tooth,  while  the  posterior  part  is  very  large  and  flattened, 
but  has  a  number  of  small  cusps  arising  from  the  edge  of  the 
tooth ;  this  molar  is  much  larger  than  the  second  and  third 
combined.  In  the  upper  jaw  the  first,  second  and  third  premolars 
are  very  much  alike,  although  the  first  is  single-rooted  and  not 
so  large.  The  fourth  premolar  is  very  large,  with  cone-shaped 
cusps  arising  from  the  crown,  the  inner  part  chisel-shaped  in 
form.  The  two  molars  are  very  different,  although  in  general 
character  alike,  as  the  first  is  very  much  smaller  than  the  second, 
and  both  set  at  right  angles  to  the  premolars.  The  outside  of 
the  anterior  molar  is  made  up  of  two  large  cone-shaped  cusps, 
while  the  inside  of  the  tooth  is  very  large  and  flattened  and  the 
crown  low ;  likewise  the  second  molar  has  two  cone-shaped  cusps 
upon  the  outside  of  the  tooth,  but  much  smaller  in  size. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  dog  was  a  domesticated 
animal  and  lived  in  the  village,  as  proof  of  his  presence  is  man 
ifest  in  almost  every  section  of  the  village  by  finding  many 
large  pieces  of  bones  that  had  been  gnawed.  This  discovery  led 


30        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

me  to  believe,  even  before  tbe  remains  of  the  dog  itself  were 
found,  that  his  presence  in  the  village  would  be  discovered.  The 
dog  was  also  used  for  food,  as  his  bones  were  broken  in  a  man 
ner  similar  to  those  of  other  animals  employed  for  food. 

Skunk  (Mephitis  mephitica)  was  not  found  in  abundance  in 
the  village,  though  almost  every  tepee  site  would  reveal  some 
broken  bones  of  this  animal.  During  the  examination  five  im 
perfect  skulls,  two  perfect  skulls,  and  twenty  lower  jaws  were 
found.  The  skulls  were  broken  similar  to  other  animals,  in  order 
to  remove  the  brain,  which  was  no  doubt  used  for  food. 

Mink  (Putorius  vison) — The  bones  of  this  animal  were 
occasionally  met  with  in  every  section  of  the  village.  The  bones 
of  such  a  small  animal  would  readily  be  destroyed  by  the  Indian 
dog.  Three  perfect  skulls,  ten  imperfect,  and  thirty-one  lower 
jaws  were  secured  during  the  explorations. 

Otter  (Lutra  canadensis)  — The  remains  of  this  animal  are 
met  with  quite  frequently.  Twenty  fragmentary  skulls  and  parts 
of  23  lower  jaws  were  secured.  Not  a  single  perfect  specimen 
of  the  larger  bones  was  found. 

Fisher  (Mustela  pennanti)  -  -  The  remains  of  this  animal  are 
sparingly  met  with  and  only  two  broken  parts  of  the  upper  jaw 
with  a  portion  of  skull  attached,  and  five  lower  jaws,  were  found 
among  the  entire  explorations  in  the  village. 

Opossum  (Didelphs  virginianus)  — The  remains  of  this  ani 
mal  are  found  in  more  or  less  abundance  in  the  village,  although 
but  few  remains  are  found  in  the  refuse  pits.  Twenty  imperfect 
skulls  and  twenty-five  parts  of  lower  jaws  were  found.  The 
upper  canine  teeth  were  much  sought  after  for  ornament,  per 
haps  on  account  of  their  size  and  general  appearance,  being  long 
and  gracefully  curved. 

Ground  Hog  (Arctomys  monax)  — The  remains  of  this  ani 
mal  were  found  in  abundance  in  the  refuse  pits.  One  perfect 
skull,  thirty  imperfect  skulls  and  one  hundred  and  five  parts  of 
the  lower  jaw  were  secured. 

Beaver  (Castor  canadensis)  — The  beaver  is  well  represented 
among  the  animal  remains  found  in  the  village.  Fifty  parts 
of  skulls  and  about  the  same  number  of  parts  of  lower  jaws  were 
secured.  The  incisor  teeth  were  highly  prized  by  aboriginal  man 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        31 

when  cut  and  made  into  ornaments  and  cutting  tools.  The  large 
leg  bones  were  also  found  unbroken  and  might  be  considered 
the  best  preserved  in  the  village. 

Musk  Rat  (Fiber  zibethicus)  • — -The  bones  of  this  animal  are 
not  found  as  frequently  as  either  the  Ground  Hog  or  the  B'eaver. 
One  perfect  skull  and  parts  of  three  imperfect  skulls  were  taken 
from  the  refuse  pits. 

Rabbit  (Lepus  sylvaticus)  — The  remains  of  the  rabbit  are 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  village.  Two  perfect,  and  parts  of  two 
imperfect  skulls  were  found,  but  the  large  bones  of  the  skele 
ton  were  everywhere  abundant. 

Gray  Squirrel  (Sciurus  carolinensis) — The  remains  of  the 
squirrel  appear  in  great  numbers,  although  but  parts  of  two 
skulls  were  secured  during  the  explorations,  and  then  only  in 
the  last  season's  work  in  the  village,  however,  the  various  bones 
of  the  squirrel  were  abundantly  found  in  almost  every  tepee  site. 

Weasel  (Mustela  vulgaris)  —  The  bones  of  this  small  ani 
mal  are  occasionally  met  with  in  the  village,  though  it  is  rea 
sonable  to  believe  that  the  bones  of  this  animal,  as  well  as  those 
of  other  small  animals,  would  be  totally  destroyed  by  the  Indian 
dog.  Portions  of  three  skulls  and  five  lower  jaws  were  found. 

Rice  Field  Mouse  (Oryzomys  palustrus) — The  rice  field 
mouse  is  found  in  great  numbers  in  the  refuse  pits,  attracted 
there  evidently  by  the  grain  and  nuts  stored  for  food. 

Box  Turtle  (Cestudo  virginea)  — The  bones  of  the  common 
box-turtle  are  very  abundant  in  the  village.  From  one  pit  alone 
fifty-nine  carapaces  were  removed,  which  no  doubt  represented 
a  turtle  feast.  The  carapaces  were  frequently  cut  and  made  into 
drinking  vessels  and  spoons. 

Snapping-turtle  (Chelydra  serpentina) — This  turtle  is  also 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  village,  but  not  so  plentiful  as  the  box- 
turtle. 

Wild  Turkey  (Meleogris  gallaparo)  —  Fully  eighty  per  cent, 
of  all  the  bones  of  birds  found  in  the  village  site  belong  to  the 
wild  turkey.  The  flesh  of  this  bird  was  certainly  highly  prized 
for  food.  The  large  leg  and  wing  bones  were  made  into  im 
plements  and  ornaments  and  the  skulls  into  rattles. 


32        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  J'illage  Site. 

Great  Horned  Oivl  (Bubo  virginianus)  — The  bones  of  this 
bird  are  sparingly  met  with,  as  they  were  highly  prized  for 
making  ornaments,  and  the  majority  of  the  large  bones  were  cut 
into  beads. 

Barred  Oivl  (Syrnium  varium)  — The  bones  of  the  barred 
owl  are  occassionally  met  with.  As  with  the  great  horned  owl, 
the  bones  were  made  into  ornaments. 

Canada  Goose  (Branta  canadensis)  —  -  The  humerus  of  this 
bird  was  found  quite  frequently,  but  the  other  large  bones  were 
manufactured  into  implements  and  ornaments. 

Trumpeter  Sn.<an  (Olor  buccinator) — -Like  the  Canada 
Goose,  only  humeri  of  this  large  bird  are  found,  and  those  spar 
ingly. 

Great  Blue  Heron  (Ardea  herodias)  — Only  a  few  bones  of 
this  bird  were  found. 

Bald  Eagle  (Haliaetus  leucocephalus)  — Only  a  few  bones 
of  the  Eagle  have  been  found  —  one  skull,  several  ends  of  large 
wing  and  leg  bones  that  were  left  from  the  manufacture  of  some 
ornament,  and  a  few  claws. 

Mallard  Duck  (Anas  boochas)  Pintail  (Dafila  acuta)  and 
Canvas-back  (Aythya  vallisneria)  are  found  frequently  in  the  re 
fuse  pits.  Several  skulls  of  each  were  found. 

The  presence  of  great  numbers  of  mussel  shells,  both  in  the 
pits  and  surrounding  the  tepee  sites,  would  indicate  that  this 
shell  fish  was  much  used  for  food.  At  the  Gartner  Village  the 
remains  of  large  mussel  bakes  were  found,*  but  the  large  pits 
used  in  the  preparation  of  the  mussels  for  feasts  were  not  found 
at  the  Baum  site.  However,  large  holes,  from  which  earth  had 
been  taken,  perhaps  for  use  in  the  construction  of  the  mound, 
were  filled  with  the  shells,  and  surrounding  pits  also  contained 
great  numbers  of  the  shells,  indicating  that  a  great  feast  had 
taken  place,  and  that  the  mussels  were  prepared  in  a  way  similar 
to  those  at  the  Gartner  mound. 


*  Accounts  of  the  mussel   bakes   are  given   in  the   Pub.   of  the   Ohio 
State  Archaeological   and   Historical    Society,  Vol.  XIII. 


Explorations  of  the  Bantu  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        33 

PLANT  FOOD. 

In  order  to  secure  data  of  certain  cultures  in  each  coun 
try,  historical  records  are  quite  important  and  help  to  deter 
mine  the  origin  of  certain  agricultural  products.  These  rec 
ords  show  that  agriculture  came  originally  from  three  great  re 
gions  which  had  no  communications  with  each  other,  namely, 
China,  South  West  Asia  and  Egypt,  and  inter-tropical  America, 
and  from  these  three  regions  began  great  civilizations  based  upon 
agriculture.  However,  we  find  that  history  is  at  fault  in  giv 
ing  us  much  early  data  concerning  the  third  great  center  of  civ 
ilization  which  does  not  even  date  from  the  first  centuries  of 
the  Christian  era,  but  we  know  from  the  widespread  cultiva 
tion  of  corn,  beans,  sweet  potatoes  and  tobacco,  north  and  south 
of  the  center  of  the  American  civilization,  that  a  very  much 
greater  antiquity,  perhaps  several  thousand  years,  must  be  given 
for  the  perfection  of  these  plants  up  to  the  time  when  history 
begins. 

The  finding  of  charred  corn,  beans,  nuts  and  seeds  of  fruits, 
and  even  the  remains  of  dried  fruit,  in  the  subterranean  store 
houses  in  various  parts  of  the  Bauni  Village,  leads  one  to  believe 
that  the  early  inhabitants  were  agriculturists  enjoying  a  certain 
degree  of  civilization.  The  most  important  product  raised  was 
corn  — Zea  mays.*  At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America  in 
1492,  corn  was  one  of  the  staples  of  its  agriculture,  and  was 
found  distributed  from  the  La  Plata  Valley  to  almost  every 
portion  of  Central  and  Southern  United  States.  The  natives 
living  in  this  vast  region  had  names  for  corn  in  their  respec 
tive  languages.  A  number  of  eminent  botanists  have  made  care 
ful  explorations  to  find  corn  in  the  conditions  of  a  wild  plant, 
but  without  success. 

The  corn  unearthed  in  the  village  was  always  in  the  aban 
doned  subterranean  storehouses  and  invariably  at  the  bottom  of 
the  pit.  When  any  quantity  was  found  the  charred  lining  of 
the  storehouse  was  present,  which  lining  frequently  consisted 
of  long  grass  and  sometimes  bark.  The  corn,  when  found  in 

*  The   identification   of   the   corn,    beans,    nuts   and    seeds    from   the 
Baum   Village   was   made   by   Professor   J.   H.    Schaffer  of   the   Dept.   of 
Botany,   Ohio  State  University. 
3 


34        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  J'illage  Site. 

the  ear,  was  laid  in  regular  order,  devoid  of  the  husk,  and  con 
sisted  of  two  varieties,  an  eight  rowed  and  a  ten-rowed  variety. 
The  eight-rowed  variety  had  a  cob  about  half  an  inch  in  diam 
eter  and  short,  while  the  cob  of  the  ten-rowed  variety  was  larger 
and  longer.  The  grains  and  cobs  having  been  charred,  were  in 
a  good  state  of  preservation. 

In  other  pits  the  corn  had  been  shelled  and  placed  in  a 
woven  bag  and  the  charred,  massed  grains  were  removed  in 
large  lumps  with  portions  of  the  woven  bag  attached.  There 
fore  it  seems  reasonable  to  believe  from  the  presence  of  so  many 
storehouses  for  the  care  and  preservation  of  their  most  nutritious 
agricultural  product,  that  corn  was  the  one  staple  upon  which 
prehistoric  man  depended  to  tide  him  through  the  cold  winters, 
and  until  the  harvest  came  again. 

Kidney  Bean  (Phaseolus  vulgaris) — According  to  J.  S.  New- 
berry,  who  published  the  first  flora  of  the  State  (1859),  the  wild 
bean  occurs  generally  throughout  the  State.  This  bean  is  found 
in  abundance  in  the  pits,  sometimes  mixed  with  shelled  corn 
and  placed  in  a  container,  and  sometimes  placed  in  the  store 
house  along  with  nuts  and  dried  fruit  of  the  wild  plum,  and 
was  no  doubt  one  of  the  agricultural  products  of  aboriginal  man 
of  the  Baum  Village  Site.  According  to  the  latest  discoveries, 
in  the  Peruvian  tombs  of  Ancon  and  other  South  American  tombs, 
the  origin  of  the  bean  was  perhaps  in  the  intertropical  Ameri 
can  civilization,  and  no  doubt  spread  northward  to  the  Missis 
sippi  Valley  similar  to  maize.  Beans  were  found  also  in  the 
storehouses  at  the  Gartner  Village,*  and  in  some  of  the  burials 
of  the  Harness  Mound  explored  in  1905.  Three  species  of 
hickory  nuts  were  found  in  abundance  in  the  storehouse.  Hicoria 
ovata  (shell  bark)  was  taken  from  almost  every  pit  where  the 
shells  were  found.  Some  of  the  perfect,  charred  nuts  were  found 
in  the  bottom  of  pits  associated  with  corn  and  beans,  but  the 
ashes  thrown  into  the  pits  from  their  fire-places  usually  contained 
many  charred  shells  of  this  nut. 

Hicoria  minima  (Bitter-nut)  and  Hicoria  laciniosa  were  also 
found  in  the  ashes,  but  not  so  plentiful  as  the  shell-bark. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and   Village  Site,   Vol.  XIII. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        35 

Butternuts  (Juglans  cinera)  and  Walnuts  (Juglans  nigra) 
were  both  found  in  the  perfect  charred  state  in  the  storehouses 
and  the  ashes  from  the  fire-places  contained  many  shells. 

Papaiv  seed  (Asiminan  triloba)  and  Haselnut  (Corylus  amer- 
icana)  were  also  found  in  the  bottom  of  the  storehouse. 

Chestnut  (Castanea  dentata)  found  in  small  quantities  in  var 
ious  parts  of  the  village. 

Wild  Red  Plum  (Prunis  americanus) — The  seeds  were 
found  in  the  ashes  and  the  charred  remains  of  the  fruit  with  seed 
were  taken  from  one  of  the  storehouses. 

Wild  Grape  (Vitis  (op)  )  was  found  sparingly  in  a  few  of 
the  pits. 

PREPARATION  OF  FOOD. 

Food,  for  the  most  part,  both  animal  and  vegetable, 
was  prepared  by  cooking,  as  evidenced  by  the  large  fire 
places,  the  innumerable  pieces  of  broken  pottery,  and  the  mor 
tars  and  stone  pestles  used  in  crushing  the  corn,  dried  meats, 
fruits  and  berries.  The  fireplace  was  always  present  within  the 
tepee,  and  several  of  them  could  always  be  found  outside  of  the 
tepee  and  in  close  proximity  to  it.  The  fireplaces  often  show  re 
pair.  When  the  hollow  in  the  ground  became  too  deep  by  long 
use  it  was  filled  up  to  the  proper  depth  by  mud  plaster.  The 
necessary  precautions  were  not  taken  to  remove  all  the  ashes 
from  the  fireplace  before  the  plaster  was  applied,  consequently 
when  the  fire  was  again  placed  in  the  fireplace  it  soon  cracked 
loose,  and  portions  of  burned  clay  were  removed  with  the  ashes 
from  time  to  time  as  the  fireplaces  were  cleaned,  and  the  ashes 
with  the  broken  lining  were  thrown  into  the  pits.  The  large 
stone  mortars,  as  shown  in  Fig.  10,  were  found  in  every  section 
of  the  Village,  and  were  made  from  slabs  of  fine-grained  sand 
stone,  averaging  in  size  from  ten  to  fifteen  inches  in  length,  from 
seven  to  twelve  inches  wide,  and  from  four  to  seven  inches  in 
thickness,  with  a  depression  on  one  side,  in  many  cases  only 
about  one  inch  deep,  while  in  others  the  depression  would  be 
several  inches.  The  stone  pestles  used  in  crushing  corn  and 
preparing  food  to  he  cooked,  were  not  selected  with  any  great 
care  nor  was  very  much  labor  expended  in  their  manufacture,  as 
many  of  them  were  merely  natural  pebbles,  suitable  as  to  size 


86        Explorations  of  the  Banin  Prehistoric  I  'Hinge  Site. 

and  weight,  slightly  changed  by  a  little  pecking  or  rubbing,  while 
others  were  natural  flat  and  rounded  pebbles,  having  a  small  de 
pression  cut  on  each  side.  None  of  the  bell-shaped  pestles  found 
at  the  Gartner  Village  were  found  at  the  B'aum  Village,  although 
the  preparation  of  food  products  was  the  same. 

The  use  of  pottery  in  the  preparation  of  food  was  universal. 


a.    10 — Stone    Mortar,    fifteen    inches   long,   twelve  inches  wide  and  five  inches  thick,   with 
a   cavity    three    inches   in    depth. 

Everywhere  in  the  village  fragments  of  broken  vessels,  as  shown 
in  Figs,  n,  12  and  13,  were  found.  Around  the  fireplaces  both 
in  and  out  of  the  tepee,  pottery  fragments  were  always  present, 
showing  that  the  pottery  was  broken  while  being  used  as  a  cook 
ing  utensil.  The  large  pieces  were  gathered  up  and  thrown 
into  the  open  refuse  pits  near  at  hand,  and  here  we  find  them 
quite  often  with  particles  of  the  charred  food  clinging  to  the 
sides  of  the  broken  vessels.  The  potter's  art  seems  to  have  been 


Explorations  of  the  Baitin  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site.        37 


„ 


'*. 

Auiji 


FIG.  11 — Pottery   fragments  showing  decoration  of   rims. 


I'IG.   13 — Pottery   fragment   showing  scroll   decorations, 


38 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


known  and  practiced  by  each  family  group.  They  became  ex 
pert  in  successfully  tempering  clay  to  strengthen  it,  and  in  then 
carrying  it  through  all  the  stages  of  modeling,  ornamenting. 


J-'IG.    13  —  Pottery    fragments   showing   decorations   and    handles. 


drying,  and  at  last  burning.  Referring  to  Fig.  14,  found  with 
one  of  the  burials,  and  which  represents  the  highest  type  of  fictile 
art  found  at  the  Baum  Village,  one  can  see  the  result  of  the  pro- 


Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


39 


gressive  operations  of  a  very  delicate  and  difficult  nature  which 
required   skill,   foresight,   patience,   and   wide   experience   in   the 

Ceramic  art  to 
produce  such  sym 
metry  and  grace 
i  as  is  displayed  in 
this  vessel.  The 
decorations  were 
those  made  by 
textile  markings, 
and  occur  over 
the  entire  surface 
of  the  vessel.  The 
impressions  were 
no  doubt  made 
with  a  paddle 
around  which 
cords  had  been 


FIG.   14  —  Restored   Vase  found   with   one   of  the 
and  one-half  inches  high). 


burials  (six  wrapped.    The 
handles  are  dec 


orated  by  indentations.     Fig.   15  represents  a  vessel  taken  from 

another  burial  in   the   same   family  group.     This   vessel   is  also 

symmetrically  made  and  the 

markings    \\ere    made    evi 

dently  with  a  pliable  cloth, 

as  they  are  uniform  over  the 

entire  surface,  including  the 

handles.     Fig.    16   shows   a 

vessel  placed  near  the  head 

of   the   skeleton   and   which 

has  been  broken  by  freezing, 

as  the  burial  was  less  than 

twenty-eight     inches     deep. 

Consequently  all  the  pottery 

found  in  the  burials  of  the 

Baum  Village  is  more  or  less 

broken,  but  by  carefully  pre 

serving  the  pieces,  the  ves-  KIG  13_Uestored, 

sel  mav  usually  be  restored, 


,*.  -.  •  • 


found  with  one  of  the 
burials  (five  and  one-half  inches  high). 


40 


Explorations  of  the  Baitm  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 


Fig.  17  is  another  restored  vessel  taken  from  the  bottom  of 
one  of  the  storehouses  in  another  section  of  the  Village.  The 
vessel  had  evidently  been  used  as  a  container  for  grain  and  was 
accidentally  broken  in  the  pit  and  left  there.  Fortunately  we 
secured  all  the  pieces  and  were  ably  to  fully  restore  the  beau 
tiful  vessel.  It  is  the  largest  one  that  we  have  been  able  to 
restore,  although  many  others  that  were  very  much  larger  lacked 
only  a  few  pieces  to  fully  restore  them.  The  restored  vessel 

is  nine  inches  high, 
with  a  diameter  of  nine 
and  one-half  inches  at 
the  largest  part  of  the 
bowl. 

Fig.  1 8  is  of  a  very 
plain  vessel  taken  from 
a  grave  in  another  part 
of  the  village.  This 
vessel  has  also  been  re 
stored,  and  is  seven 
inches  high  and  eight 
inches  in  diameter  at 
the  widest  part  of  the 
b  o  w  1.  The  vessel  is 
perfectly  plain,  which 
is  charac  t  e  r  i  s  t  i  c  of 
about  all  the  pottery 
fragments  taken  from 
this  particular  family 
group. 

Fig.  8  shows  this 
same  vessel  before  it 
was  removed  from  the 
grave.  The  skeleton  is 
headless,  and  the  vessel  is  placed  where  the  head  should  have 
been  when  the  body  was  placed  in  the  grave. 

Fig.  19  is  another  vessel  found  with  a  burial.  The  vessel 
was  fully  restored  with  the  exception  of  a  piece  of  the  rim,  which 
had  been  broken  out  before  being  placed  in  the  grave.  The  dec- 


FIG.    16 —Burial    with   Vase    placed   at   the   head   of 
the  grave. 


li.vplvrations  of  the  Baitin  Prehistoric  I'illage  Site.        41 


TIG.  17  —  Restored   Vase  taken    from   one   of  the 
refuse   pits   (nine   inches  high). 


orations  are  textile  markings,  and  the  impressions  are  very  pro 
nounced  over  the  entire  surface. 

Fig.  20  shows  very 
small  vessels  which  were 
occasionally  found  in  the 
perfect  state ;  however, 
the  broken  pieces  were 
found  in  every  section  of 
the  village.  The  smallest 
of  these  vessels  have  the 
appearance  of  having 
been  moulded  over  the 
end  of  the  finger,  while 
the  largest  is  about  the 
size  of  a  small  teacup. 
They  were  all  rudely 
made  and  undecorated. 
Implements:  The  im 
plements  used  in  the 
chase  and  for  domestic  and  agricultural  purposes  were  found  in 
great  numbers  in  the  abandoned  storehouses  and  the  sites  of  the 
tepees.  For  the  most  ^^^^^^^^^ 

part  they  were  made 
from  bone  and  horn, 
but  implements  made 
from  flint  and  grani 
tic  bowlders  were  in 
evidence  in  all  sec 
tions  of  the  village. 
The  implements  used 
for  agricultural  pur 
poses  and  for  exca 
vating  for  the  store 
houses  were  made  for 
the  most  part  of  large 
mussel  shells.  Im 
plements  made  of 
wood  were  no  doubt 


Fl°-  1S  -  Rcstore(dsevene 


high)™"  °£  the  burials 


42        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  J'illagc  Site. 

largely  used,  as  charred  remains  of  digging  sticks  and  pieces  of 
wood  that  had  been  polished  were  frequently  met  with. 

Stone  Implements  — • 
The  largest  of  the 
stone  implements,  with 
the  exception  of  the 
stone  mortars  pre 
viously  described,  were 
the  grooved  axes, 
which  were  sparingly 
found  in  the  pits  and 
tepee  sites,  two  speci 
mens  having  been 
found  during  the  en 
tire  explorations,  one 
in  a  tepee  site  and 
one  in  a  refuse  pit. 
The  stone  axe  found 
in  the  tepee  site  is 
shown  in  Fig.  21.  It 

is  made  of  fine-grained  blue  granite  rock,  seven  and  one-fourth 
inches  long,  three  and  one-fourth  inches  wide.  The  surface 
shows  the  pecking,  which  had  not  been  entirely  obliterated  by 


FIG.  19  —  Partially  restored  vessel  taken   from  a 
grave    (six  and  one-fourth   inches  high). 


1'IG.   20 — Very  small,  perfect  vessels,   made  of  the  same   material  as  the    larger 
vessels  (half  size.) 

the  grinding  and   polishing  necessary    for   its   completion.      An 
interesting  feature  of  this  axe  is  the  angle  at  which  the  groove 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        43 


is  cut  to  the  blade.  This  type 
of  axe  is  quite  rare  in  Ohio, 
and  not  over  four  specimens 
are  on  exhibition  in  the  mu 
seum  of  the  Society.  The 
other  axe  found  in  one  of 
the  pits  is  an  entirely  dif 
ferent  type,  the  groove  ex 
tending  entirely  around  the 
axe.  It  is  made  from  the 
same  compact  stone  as  the 
axe  described  above,  and  is 
finished  much  in  the  same 
manner. 

Celts  —  This  most  useful 
implement  was  frequently 
met  with  in  all  sections  of  the 
village,  and  ranges  in  size 
from  two  to  six  inches  in 


• 


FIG.  22  — . 
lage 


FIG.  21  —  Rare  type  of  grooved  axe  (length 

seven    and   one-fourth    inches,    width 

three  and  one-fourth   inches). 

length.  All  are  finely  polished. 
Fig.  22  shows  a  typical  celt  found 
in  the  village.  The  celts  were  made 
for  the  most  part  from  compact 
granite  bowlders ;  others  of  banded 
slate  and  flint.  Specimens  illus- 

n  the 


44        Explorations  of  the  Bauni  Prehistoric  I  'illage  Site. 

manufacture  of  the  celt  were  secured  during  the  explorations. 
Celts  were  frequently  placed  with  the  burials.  One  was  the 
usual  number  placed  in  the  grave,  though  in  several  instances 
two  were  found,  and  in  the  grave  of  a  large  adult  male,  three 
celts  were  placed  in  different  parts  of  the  grave  —  one  at  the 
feet,  left  hand  and  head,  respectively.  The  pits  revealed  many 
broken  celts,  showing  that  the  implement  was  in  general  use. 

Hammer  Stones  —  The  hammerstones,  if  abundance  is  to  be 
taken  into  account,  were  perhaps,  the  most  useful  stone  imple 
ments  found  at  the  Baum  Village.  In  the  site  of  a  single 
tepee  twenty-five  to  thirty  would  be  unearthed,  and  very  often 
as  many  would  be  taken  from  a  single  pit.  They  were  made 
of  small,  water-worn  bowlders,  with  a  diameter  of  two  to  four 
inches,  and  the  only  evidence  upon  some  of  the  specimens  show 
ing  that  they  were  used  as  hammerstones  was  the  battered  ends 
or  sides;  while  others  were  artistically  smoothed  and  polished 
on  various  sides,  and  perhaps  covered  with  a  skin  and  used  as 
a  club-head.  However,  it  was  not  necessary  for  aboriginal  man 
to  expend  unnecessary  work  upon  an  implement  when  a  natural 
bowlder  from  the  river  near  at  hand  would  answer  the  purpose. 
Therefore  it  seems  natural  to  believe  that  all  the  bowlders  of 
proper  size  found  in  the  village  were  more  or  less  utilized  in 
preparing  meal,  cracking  nuts,  breaking  bones  of  animals  used 
for  food,  etc. 

Grinding  or  Polishing  Stones  —  Very  good  examples  of  this 
most  useful  implement  are  shown  in  Fig.  23.  They  are  usually 
made  of  a  fine-grained  sandstone,*  but  numerous  pieces  of  coarse 
grained  sandstone  taken  from  the  top  of  the  hills,  southwest  of 
the  village  were  also  found.  The  grinding  stones  were  indis- 
pensible  in  the  manufacture  of  the  great  variety  of  bone  im 
plements  found  in  the  village,  and  varied  in  size  from  a  slab  of 
sandstone  one  foot  in  length  by  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  to  a 
small  piece  of  sandstone  only  a  few  inches  long  and  one  inch  in 
thickness. 

Chipped  implements  of  flint  were  found  in  every  section  of 
the  village,  both  the  finished  and  unfinished  specimens,  and  .were 


*  Waverly  group. 


Explorations  of  the  Bainn  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        45 


made,  for  the  most 
part,  from  flint  pro 
cured  from  the  Flint 
Ridge  section,  and 
showing  about  all  the 
grades  secured  at  this 
famous  prehistoric 
quarry.  The  colors 
also  varied  from  the 
white  or  gray  horn 
stone  through  the 
various  shades  of 
chalcedony  to  the 
variegated  and 
banded  jasper  forms. 
The  greater  part  of 
the  flint  was  brought 
to  the  village  in  large 
pieces,  and  there 
worked  into  imple- 
m  e  n  t  s,  as  several 
large  pieces  of  flint 
were  found  and  the  chips  were  everywhere  present.  The  most 
abundant  of  all  the  objects  made  from  flint  were  the  small,  tri 
angular  arrowheads,  as  shown  in  Fig.  24,  which  represents  all 
the  small  triangular  forms  found  in  the  village.  Points  with 
smooth  edges  were  more  abundant  than  those  with  serrated  edges, 
and  points  having  their  edges  both  serrated  and  smooth  are  not 
uncommon.  The 
triangular  form 
also  predominates 
in  the  larger  forms 
of  spears,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  25. 
The  spear  to  the 
left  is  a  type 
found  in  every 

Section    Of  the   vil-  KIG.    24  —  Typical   triangular   points    (two-thirds   size). 


l-'IO.    23  —  Whetstones    used    in    making    bone    imple 
ments  (one-third  size). 


46        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  I'illage  Site. 


FIG.  25—  Large  triangular  spear  (half 
size). 


v 

FIG.  26  —  Deeply  notched  spear 
point,  blade  very  thin.  Length 
two  and  four-fifth  inches. 


FlG.   27  —  Typical    drills  found  in  the  village    (two-thirds  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Banm  Prehistoric  t'illagc  Site.        4? 

lage.  The  beautiful  spear  point  shown  in  Fig.  26  shows  that  the  in 
habitants  of  Baum  Village  were  able  to  make  points  other  than  the 
triangular  forms.  This  spear  point  is  made  of  dark  flint,  having  a 


FIG.  W  —  Flint  Knives  made  of  red  and  yellow  jasper   (two-thirds  size). 

very  thin  blade,  deep  notches,  and  an  indented  base,  two  and  four- 
fifth  inches  long,  and  one  and  nine-tenth  inches  wide. 

Flint  Drills,  varying  in  length  from  two  to  four  inches,  were 
also  abundant.     Two  kinds  of  drills  were  found :    those  having 

one  point  and 
usually  small,  and 
those  having  two 
points  and  much 
larger,  but  all  have 
the  same  general 
appearance.  F  i  g. 
27  shows  speci- 
>>.l.  mens  which  may 
be  considered  typ- 

FlG.    2SI  —  Flint    Cores.      Specimen    to    left,    red    and    yellow  ical  drills   found  in 
jasper.     Speciment  to  the  right,  maroon  colored  jasper  ^      village 

(half  size).  °    ' 

Flint  Knives  — 

The  flint  knives  flaked  from  the  large  jasper  cores  are  also 
present.  The  knives  are  not  large,  and  vary  in  length  from  one 
and  one-half  to  three  inches.  Fig.  28  shows  representative  spec- 


48 


Explorations  of  the  Bantu  Prehistoric  1'illagc  Site. 


imens  made  from  banded  and  variegated  jasper,  showing  sev 
eral  facets  on  the  convex  face,  while  the  concave  face  is  per 
fectly  plain  and  always  regular  and 
smooth  —  due  to  the  fine  grain  of 
the  chalcedony  and  jasper.  Very 
few,  if  any,  knives  found  in  the 
village  present  any  chipping,  and 
all  have  the  same  general  curve 
from  end  to  end.  The  cores  from 
which  the  knives  are  flaked  are 
shown  in  Fig.  29,  which  represents 
the  two  types  of  cores  found  in  the 
village,  the  conical  core  from  which 
knives  are  flaked  from  all  sides,  and 
the  flat  core  from  which  knives  are 
flaked  from  one  side  only.  The 
latter  type  prevails  in  the  village. 
A  large  number  of  angular  pieces 
of  flint  from  one  to  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter  were  found  in 
small  caches  near  the  site  of  the 
tepees,  and  quite  frequently  these 
angular  pieces  were  found  in  the 
burials  and  were  perhaps  used  to 
cut  bone  and  horn,  which  were  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  bone  imple 
ments. 

Discoidal  Stones  —  Both   per-  \ 
feet    and    broken    specimens    were  1 
frequently   met  with  in  the  refuse    1 
found  in  the  abandoned  storehouses. 
All  of  them  were  of  small  size,  the  -*»  . 

largest   not   exceeding   four   inches 
in   diameter,   and  the  smallest  less  FIG-  so  —  Typical  discoidai  stones 

.1  t      •        j1  TM  fuond    in    the    village     (two-thirds 

than  one  inch  in  diameter.     Three  size)  B 

types   were   found,   the   bi-concave, 

perforated  at  the  center  with  a  circular  hole,  the  bi-concave  tin- 
perforated,  and  discs  with  perfectly  flat  sides.     The  bi-concave 


Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        49 


with  perforation,  is  the  most  abundant,  and  is  made  for  the  most 
part  of  diorite,  and  highly  polished.  The  perforations  are  usually 
circular,  but  the  finest  specimen  found  in  the  village  and  made 
of  quartzite  had  an  oblong  perforation.  The  specimen  is  shown 
in  No.  2  of  Fig.  30.  Other  specimens  of  this  type  were  moulded 
out  of  tempered  clay,  the  same  as  used  in  making  pottery,  but 
apparently  were  too  fragile  to  be  of  great  use,  as  all  were 
broken.  The  second  type,  bi-concave  unperforated,  were  larger 
than  those  that  were  perforated,  but  in  every  other  respect 
similar.  The  third  type  or  flat  disc,  which  is  also  shown  in  Fig. 
30,  is  of  two  kinds,  plain  and  decorated.  The  plain  are  usually 
made  of  finegrained  sandstone  or  pieces  of  pottery  cut  into  form, 

while  the  decorated  speci 
mens  are  invariably  made  of 
finegrained  sandstone.    The 
/•'  ,\  decorations    consist   of   lines 

/ '  m 

%          cut  into  the  stones  and  radi 
ating  from  the  center  of  the 
disc ;  some  of  the  lines   ex 
tend  to  the  edge  while  others 
only  part  way.    Several  lines 
usually  encircle  the  flat  face. 
|B    The    decoration    usually    oc- 
Or     curs   on   both  sides.      This 
type  is  also  shown  in  No.  3 
of  Fig.  30. 

Hoes  —  The  hoes  found 
in  the  village  were  made,  for 
the  most  part,  of  shells  of 
the  fresh  water  unios,  but 
hoes  made  from  the  Waverly  black  slate  were  frequently  met 
with.  The  hoes  made  from  slate  were  roughly  cut  from  slabs 
of  about  the  desired  size,  but  hoes  made  from  mussel  shells 
were  very  abundant.  A  typical  specimen  is  shown  in  Fig.  31. 
The  shells  selected  were  usually  those  of  Unio  plicatus,  which 
are  of  good  size,  and  the  shell  meets  the  requirements  of  being 
thick  and  heavy.  The  majority  of  the  specimens  are  greatly 
worn,  showing  that  they  had  served  their  purpose.  The  imple- 


FlG.  31  —  Typical  shell  hoe,  found  in  great 
numbers  in  the  refuse  pits  (half  size). 


50        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

rnent,  when  useless,  was  thrown  into  the  refuse  pits  or  left  on 
the  surface  within  the  tepee,  to  be  covered  with  soil  the  same  as 
other  implements,  and  the  bones  of  various  animals. 

Bone  Implements  —  Bone  implements,  such  as  arrow  points, 
scrapers,  awls,  needles,  fish  hooks,  etc.,  were  very  abundant 
everywhere  in  the  village,  especially  in  the  abandoned  storehouses 
and  in  the  sites  of  their  habitats.  Here  were  also  found  speci 
mens  showing  all  the  stages  in  the  manufacture  of  any  one 
implement ;  bone  objects,  such  as  bones  that  gave  promise  of 
meeting  the  requirements  for  a  certain  implement,  but  after  work 
had  continued  to  a  certain  stage  were  found  defective.  Small 
caches  of  deer  tines,  probably  collected  during  a  hunting  expe 
dition,  were  found  hidden  for  future  use  in  some  part  of  the 
tepee  site.  Bones  of  about  all  the  animals  used  for  food  were 


used  in  the  making  of  implements  of  all  kinds,  and  very  rarely 
would  any  of  the  large  bones  of  such  animals  as  the  deer,  elk 
and  bear  be  found  in  a  perfect  state,  as  all  were  used  in  the  in 
dustrial  arts  of  these  early  inhabitants. 

For  a  long  time  it  was  thought  that  prehistoric  man  had 
only  stone  tips  or  points  for  his  arrows,  but  when  their  tumuli 
and  villages  were  examined  points  were  found  made  of  bone, 
and  during  the  examination  at  the  Baum  Village  the  bone  and 
stone  points  taken  from  the  pits  were  about  equally  divided  as 
to  numbers.  The  bone  points,  for  the  most  part,  were  made 
from  the  tines  of  deer  horns.  The  horns  were  found  in  num 
bers,  but  the  tines  were  always  removed.  Fig.  32  is  a  good 
example  of  the  horns  as  they  came  from  the  pits.  The  perfect 
and  well-wrought  arrow  points  made  from  horn  are  shown  in 
-  33-  The  methods  of  manufacture  of  the  arrow  point  at 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        51 


FIG.    32  —  Deer   horns    with   tines    removed. 

the  Baum  Village  are  identical  with  those  at  the  Gartner  Vil 
lage  Site,  and  I  quote  from  my  report  upon  this  village  site : 
"The  size  of  the  point  varies  greatly,  from  one-half  to  three 
inches  in  length,  and  is  made  by  taking  the  broken  tine  and  cut 
ting  a  crease  about  one- 
thirty-second  of  an  inch  in 
depth  entirely  around  the 
horn  at  the  desired  length 
and  then  breaking  off  the 
point.  This  is  shown  in 
Fig.  34  (b).  The  first  step 
after  procuring  the  end  of 
the  tine  was  to  drill  a  hole 
for  the  attachment  of  the 
wooden  arrow  shaft.  No 
work  in  fashioning  the 
point  seems  to  have  been 
done  until  after  this  drill 
ing  was  completed.  The 

I*IG.  33  —  Arrow   points  made   from   the  tines 

of  deer  horns  (two-thirds  size).  hole  for  the  attachment  of 


52        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


the  shaft  varied  in  depth  from  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  point,  see  Fig.  34    (c),  and  always  pyramidal  in  form, 
with  a  base  diameter  averaging  about  one-third  of  an  inch.     The 
majority  of  the  unfinished  specimens   show  that  the 
fashioning  into  form  was  done  by  cutting  away  the 
superfluous  horn  with  a  heavy  piece  of  flint,  as  shown 
in   Fig.   34    ((/).      Some   writers   have   expressed  the 
opinion  that  this  cutting  was  done  with  a 
steel  knife,  but  a  careful  examination  by 
means   of  a  good  hand  glass  will  reveal 
the  concave  appearance  of  the  cuts  and  the 
small  scratches  caused  by  the  uneven  frac 
ture  of  the  flint.    The  final  finish 
upon  the  arrow  point  was  done 
by  rubbing  the  arrow  point  upon 
a  piece  of  fine-grained  sandstone, 
thus  removing  all  traces  of  cut 
ting,  as  is  shown  in 
Fig.    34    (<?),    which 
shows  a  symmetrical 
and      well-w  r  o  u  g  h  t 
point." 


The  majority  of  the 
bone  arrowheads  were 
attached  to  the  shaft  by 
having  the  shaft  fitted 
to  the  hole  drilled  in 
the  base  of  the  point, 
but  a  number  of  points 
were  found  having  sec 
ondary  holes  drilled 
into  the  side  of  the 
point,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
35.  All  the  points  thus 
drilled  were  finely 
made,  perhaps  to  serve  as  harpoons,  by  being  attached  to  the 
shaft  with  a  cord.  Another  short  and  small  point  made  from 
the  tone  bones  of  the  deer  was  also  found.  A  good  illustration 


I'"IO.  34  —  Arrow  point  making,  as  illustrated  by  spt^- 
imens  taken  from  the  Gartner  Village:  (a)  Tine 
from  deer  horn,  (b)  Cutting  of  tine,  (c)  Depth 
of  hole  drilled,  (d)  Cutting  away  of  superfluous 
horn,  (e~)  perfect  point  (two-thirds  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        53 


FIG.  35  —  Arrow  points  made 
of  deer  horn  with  a  perfor 
ation  for  attachment  to  the 
shaft  (two-thirds  size). 


of  this  point  and  the  stages  in  its  manufacture  is  shown  in  Fig. 
36.  The  first  specimen  to  the  right  is  a  deer  toe  with  a  hole 
drilled  in  the  base  for  the  attachment  of  the  shaft.  The  drilling 

of  the  hole  for  the  attachment  to  the 
shaft  was  likewise  the  first  step  in  mak 
ing  the  arrowpoint  from  the  tines  of 
the  deer  horn,  as  illustrated  in  Fig. 
34.  The  cutting  away  of  the  super 
fluous  bone  of  the  deer  toe  was  accom 
plished  in  the  same  manner  as  shown 
in  the  cutting  of  the  deer  horn. 

Bone  Scrapers  —  Of  all  the  bone 
implements  found  in  the  village,  the 
bone  scraper,  made  from  the  metapodal 
bones  of  the  deer  and  elk,  is  the  largest 
bone  specimen  .  found,  and  varies  in 
length  from  eight  to  fourteen  inches. 
Fig  37  shows  a  representative  collec 
tion  of  the  perfect  scrapers.  During  the  explorations  fifty  per 
fect  specimens  were  removed  from  the  refuse  pits,  together  with 
several  hundred  broken  halves,  showing  that  this  implement  was 
universally  used  in  every  section  of  the  village  examined.  No 
record  was  made  of  finding  a  single  perfect  scraper  in  a  tepee 
site,  but  frequently  the  broken  pieces  were  found  within  the 
habitat ;  but  for  the  most  part  the  broken  and  the  practically 
worn-out  perfect  scrapers  were  thrown  into  the  refuse  pits.  The 
scrapers  were  invariably  made 
from  the  metapodal  bones,  and 
very  frequently  the  specimens 
were  found  showing  that  the  foot 
of  the  animal  was  attached  to  the 
implement  when  it  was  discarded. 
Specimens  showing  the  stages  in 
the  manufacture  of  the  implement 
were  occasionally  met  with.  Fig.  38  shows  three  specimens.  The 
first  specimen  to  the  left  is  a  perfect  metapodal  bone,  only  two 
being  found  during  the  entire  exploration.  This  bone  was  sel 
dom  found  except  in  a  condition  showing  that  it  had  served  as 


I 


FlG.    30  —  Arrow    points   made    from    the 
toe  bone  of  the  deer  (half  size). 


54        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 

some  implement.  The  specimen  in  the  center  of  Fig.  38  shows 
a  process  in  the  manufacture  of  this  implement.  In  this  case 
the  work  had  not  advanced  very  far,  but  it  shows  plainly  the 
small  parallel  grooves  which  were  no  doubt  made  by  a  blunt- 


f 


1;IG.    37  —  Perfect   scrapers,    made    from    the    metapodal    bones    of    the   deer. 
(Average  length  of  scrapers,  ten  inches). 

pointed  flint  implement.  The  specimen  to  the  right  in  Fig.  38 
is  a  perfect  scraper,  worn  to  a  very  thin  edge  from  use.  The 
surface  of  the  bone  at  the  ends  shows  a  high  polish.  Scrapers 
were  also  made  from  the  shoulder  blades  of  the  deer  and  elk, 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        55 


FIG.   38  —  Specimens    showing   stages    in    the    manufacture    of 
the  scraper.      (Average   length  of  scrapers,   ten   inches.) 


56        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  /  'illugc  Site. 

especially  of  the  elk.  The  spine  was  frequently  removed  and 
the  supra  scapular  border  would  be  sharpened  into  a  cutting 
edge,  and  frequently  specimens  were  met  with  in  which  the 
spine  was  sharpened  to  form  a  cutting  edge  and  the  posterior 
and  anterior  border  and  the  post  scapular  and  prescapular  por 
tions  were  removed.  The  shoulder  blade  of  the  elk  was  always 
converted  into  this  most  useful  implement,  for  not  a  single  spec 
imen  was  found  that  did  not  show  this  use.  The  shoulder  blades 
of  the  deer  were  not  always  converted  into  implements,  but  very 
frequently  they  were  met  with ;  occasionally  from  a  single  pit 
a  half  dozen  or  more  would  be  taken,  not  a  single  one  showing 
any  marks  upon  it  indicating  it  had  been  used  for  any  purpose, 
while  in  other  pits  the  same  number  might  be  taken  and  all  show 
use  as  a  scraper. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  implements  found  in  the 
village  is  the  celt-like  scrapers  made  from  the  heavy  portions 
between  the  beztine  and  the  trestine  of  the  elk  antler.  From 
the  standpoint  of  utility,  this  implement  used  as  a  scraper  would 
meet  the  needs  to  a  better  advantage  than  any  of  those  just  de 
scribed  ;  however,  when  the  labor  necessary  to  produce  speci 
mens  as  shown  in  Fig.  39  is  taken  into  consideration,  we  do  not 
wonder  at  the  abundance  of  the  simpler  forms.  The  cutting  of 
such  a  large  and  thick  horn  into  the  proper  lengths,  which  was 
done  by  burning  a  ring  around  the  horn  at  the  point  to  be  cut 
off,  to  a  depth  of  perhaps  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and  then  break 
ing  the  piece  off,  required  much  patience  as  well  as  skill.  After 
the  proper  length  had  been  obtained,  in  order  to  secure  the  large, 
flat  pieces  of  the  horn  the  desired  size,  they  were  cut  off  with 
a  piece  of  flint,  chipped  to  the  proper  edge  and  used  to  plow  a 
groove  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  depth  lengthwise  of  the  horn. 
A  second  groove  was  made  at  the  proper  place  and  the  slab  of 
horn  split  off.  The  work  of  grinding  and  polishing  would  take 
place  later,  but  all  requiring  an  unusual  amount  of  labor,  per 
haps  more  than  any  implement  made  of  bone  found  in  the  vil 
lage.  Three  types  of  these  scrapers  are  found  in  the  village : 
those  having  both  ends  made  into  a  cutting  edge,  those  having 
one  end  made  into  a  cutting  edge  with  one  end  sharpened,  and 
those  having  notches  cut  on  the  side  for  attachment  to  a  handle. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. '       57 

All  three  types  were  about  equally  represented,  although  only 
a  small  number  were  found  (fifteen  specimens).  The  average 
length  of  the  horn  scrapers  would  not  exceed  four  inches,  though 
one  was  found  eight  and  one-half  inches  long.  The  lower  spec 
imen  in  Fig.  39  is  a  scraper  having  two  ends  sharpened  to  a  cut 
ting  edge ;  it  is  four  and  three-quarter  inches  long  and  two  inches 
wide,  while  the  upper  specimen  is  of  the  notched  type. 

Bone  Awls  —  Bone  awls  may  be  considered  the  most  abun 
dant  of  the  many  bone  implements  found  in  the  Baum  Village, 


FIG.   39  —  Celt-like   scrapers  made   of   elk    horn    (two-thirds  size). 

and  the  bones  of  about  all  the  animals  and  birds  used  for  food 
were  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  various  types  of  awls. 
Many  of  them  were  manufactured  from  the  heavy  leg  bones  of 
the  elk.  Very  good  examples  are  shown  in  Fig.  40.  These 
awls  show  a  great  amount  of  patience  and  labor  in  working 
down  this  thick  bone,  as  shown  by  the  enlarged  portions,  while 
others  made  from  the  same  kind  of  bone  are  worked  down  to 
three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  eight  inches  in  length, 
with  a  well-wrought  head  sometimes  carved  representing  the 


58 


Explorations  of  the  Bourn  Prehistoric  J'illage  Site. 


head  of  some  animal.  Awls  showing  much 
labor  and  skill  in  their  manufacture  were 
found  in  every  section  of  the  village  as 
sociated  with  others  that  required  but  little 
labor  to  furnish  a  very  serviceable  imple 
ment. 

The  awls  found  at  Baum  Village  may 
be  considered  under  three  classes :  First, 
awls  with  blunt  points,  such  as  shown  in 
Fig.  41  and  Fig.  42.  These  awls  for  the 
most  part  came  from  the  burials  and  were 
found  associated  with  bones  of  animals 
placed  in  the  grave  as  a  food  offering,  and 
several  were  found  in  the  pottery  placed 
with  the  dead.  Awls  shown  in  Fig.  43 
and  Fig.  44  would  always  be  found  with 
mussel  shells  and  animal  bones  where 
any  quantity  was  placed  together.  Sum 
ming  up  all  the  points  observed  concerning 
the  blunt-pointed  awls,  one  must  believe 
that  they  served  as  forks  in  the  prepara 
tion  of  food,  and  in  conveying  food  to  the 
mouth,  such  as  meat,  mussels,  and  vege 
tables.  Many  of  the  large  and  heavy  awls 
may  have  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cloth  and  pottery.  The  second  class  of 
awls  may  be  considered  as  bone  perfora 
tors,  all  having  sharp  and  long  points.  The 
best  examples  of  this  class  are  shown  in 
Fig.  45,  and  are  made  from  the  tarsome- 
tatarsus  of  the  wild  turkey.  This  class  are 
very  abundant.  Out  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty-four  pits  examined  there  were  very 
few  that  did  not  produce  a  perfect  or  broken 
awl  of  this  class.  Many  awls  of  this  class 
were  made  from  the  fibula  and  other  bones 
of  the  raccoon.  Fig.  46  shows  an  awl  made 
from  the  lower  jaw  of  the  deer.  With 


(; 


* 


VIQ.  40  —  Large  bone  awls, 
length  eight  and  one-half 

and  eight  and  two-fifth 
inches,  respectively. 


Explorations  of  the  Itaum  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site.        59 


I-'IO.   41  —  Typical    bone   awls   with   blunt   points    (five-eighths   size). 


60 


Explorations  of  the  Bauui  Prehistoric  I'illage  Site. 


many  of  the  burials  in  the  village  this  class  of  awls  are  found. 
Fig.  47  shows  five  large  awls  of  this  class,  four  around  the  head 
and  one  between  the  legs  near  the  feet.  Beneath  the  mussel  shells 
at  the  back  of  the  head  a  large,  well-wrought  awl  of  the  first 
class  was  found.  The  third  class  of  awls  are  the  double-pointed, 
sometimes  called  pins.  They  range  in  size  from  one  inch  in 
length  for  the  very  small 

awls  to  six  inches  in  length  itr- 

for  the  1  a  r  g  es  t.  Fig.  48 
gives  a  good  illustration  of 
the  d  o  u  b  1  e-pointed  awls. 
This  class  is  the  most  abun 
dant  in  the  village,  especially 
in  the  refuse  pits.  They  are 
also  frequently  met  with  in 
the  graves,  and  are  always 
near  the  head.  But  little 
work  is  required  in  the  man 
ufacture  of  the  small  pins, 
as  they  are  quite  frequently 
made  of  splinters  of  bone 
having  the  desired  size  and 
shape,  and  require  but  little 
rubbing  to  remove  the  sharp 
edges  and  fit  them  for  a  ser 
viceable  implement.  H  o  w- 
ever,  the  large  specimens 
have  equally  as  much  work 
upon  them  as  the  awls  of  the 
first  class. 

Needles  —  Perfect 
needles  are  not  found  in 
abundance  in  the  village,  although  the  broken  pieces  are  fre 
quently  met  with.  The  needle  is  made  for  the  most  part  from 
the  rib  of  the  elk,  which  is  cut  off  at  the  desired  length,  and 
then  the  rib  is  split  and  both  pieces  are  manufactured  into 
needles.  The  pieces  are  worked  down  to  a  little  less  than  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  the  average  length  being 


U 

I-iG.    42  —  Blunt-pointed    awls    found    with 
burials    (two-thirds  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  J'illagc  Site.        61 


about  six  inches.  They 
frequently  curve 
throughout  their  entire 
length,  while  others 
curve  more  near  the 
point.  The  needle  from 
this  village  is  uniform 
throughout  with  the  ex 
ception  of  a  slightly  en 
larged  head,  w  h  i  c  h  is 
pierced  with  a  circular 
eye,  the  point  being  not 
sharp  or  pointed,  but  an 
oval.  Fig.  49  is  an  il 
lustration  of  the  needle, 
but  does  not  do  justice 
to  this  well-wrought  and 
highly-polished  i  m  p  1  e- 
ment. 

Bone  Knives  — 


FIG.  44  —  Bone  awls  made  of 
the  shoulder  blades  of  the 
deer  (half  size). 


FIG.    43  —  Bone    awls    made    from    the    ulna    and 
metapodal  bone  of  the  deer  (five-eighths  size). 

Another  useful  implement  found  at  the 
I>aum  Site  is  the  knife  made  from 
points  of  the  shoulder  blade  of  both 
the  deer  and  elk,  and  not  infrequently 
the  bones  of  other  animals  whose  bones 
would  in  any  way  be  suitable  for  such 
an  implement.  The  bone  knife  could 
not  take  the  place  of  the  flaked  flint 
knife  with  its  sharp  cutting  edge. 


62        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


* 


v 


Bone  Tribes — •  A  number 
of  bone  tubes,  made  from 
various  bones  of  animals  and 
birds  were  frequently  met 
with.  Fig.  50  shows  two 
examples  of  tubes.  The 
specimen  to  the  left  is  made 
from  the  femur  of  the  moun 
tain  lion.  The  distal  ex 
tremity  has  been  cut  away 
and  the  inside  of  the  bone 
removed.  The  outside  part 
of  the  shaft  has  been  cut  and 
polished.  The  head  of  the 
femur  has  also  been  cut 
away  and  the  large  trocantor 
slightly  polished.  The  spec 
imen  to  the  right  in  Fig.  50 
is  made  from  the  humerous 
of  the  Trumpeter  S  w  a  n. 
The  two  extremities  of  the 
shaft  are  cut  away  and  the 
shaft  shows  cutting  and  polishing  in  various  places  over  its  sur 
face.  Tubes  are  also  made  from  the  femurs  of  the  deer  and  the 
tibiotarsus  of  the  wild  turkey. 

Implements  Made  of  Beaver  Teeth  —  The  bones  of  the  beaver 
were  seldom  used  to  make  implements  or  ornaments,  but  the 
incisor  teeth,  both  upper  and  lower,  were  used  in  making  im 
plements.  The  three  lower  specimens  shown  in  Fig.  51  have 


•IG.    -15  —  Hone    awls    wich    sharp    points,    made 

from   the    tarsometatarsus   of   the    wild 

turkey    (half    size). 


TlG.  40  —  Awl  made  from  a  part  of  the  lower  mandible  of  the  deer   (full  size). 


I 

a 


63 


64        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

been  shaped  into  desired  implements  which  may  have  been  ser 
viceable  as  chisels  in  cutting  bone  and  wood.  The  three  upper 
specimens  were  no  doubt  used  as  ornaments  when  their  useful 
ness  as  implements  were  destroyed,  as  a  number  of  beaver  teeth 


FIG.   48 — Double-pointed  bone  awls   (half  size). 

like  the  above  were  found  associated  with  beads  and  pendants 
in  one  of  the  burials. 

Spear  Points  Made  of  Horn  —  Spear  points  made  of  horn, 
as  shown  in  Fig.   52,  were  sparingly  met  with.     They  vary  in 


Explorations  of  the  Bantu  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


65 


length  from  two  and  one-half  to  four  inches,  and  the  imple 
ment  shows  but  a  small  amount  of  labor  in  its  manufacture.  All 
are  roughly  and  unsystematically  made  from  flat  pieces  of  deer 
and  elk  horn. 

Implements  Used  in  Flaking 
Knives  — •  The  specimens  shown  in 
Fig-  53  were  no  doubt  used  in  flak 
ing  the  large  flint  knives  so  common 
in  the  village.  The  flaking  tools 
were  always  made  of  deer  and  elk 
horn,  and  varied  in 
length  from  one  and 
one-half  inches  to  four 
inches,  and  in  diameter 
from  one-half  inch  to 
three-fourths  inch.  One 
end  is  square,  while  the 
other  end  is  oval,  the 
longest  point  being  in 
the  middle  of  the  speci 
men.  The  square  end 
on  almost  all  the  speci 
mens  shows  a  splintered 
and  battered  condition, 
indicating  that  the  im 
plement  had  been  struck 
with  a  heavy  blow.  The 
oval  end  also  frequently 
shows  a  splintered  con 
dition,  caused  by  im 
properly  placing  the  tool 
against  the  flint,  and 
striking  the  blow.  The 
flaking  tools  are  found 
everywhere  in  the  vil 
lage,  especially  in  the  sites  of  the  tepees  and  in  the  graves. 

Fish  Hooks  —  This  implement  is  one  of  the  most  interest 
ing  of  the  great  variety  of  bone  implements  found  in  the  village, 

5 


f 

9 

e 
& 


«»•    50  —  Rone    tubes,    specimen    to 
the   left   made    from   the    femur   of 

the  Mountain  Lion>  one  to  the 

right    humerus    of    the    Trumpeter 


66        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  I'illage  Site. 


FIG.    51  —  Cutting  tools   made   of   beaver      FIG.   62  —  Spear   point   made   of   horn 
teeth   (two-thirds  size).  (half  size). 


because  of  the  great  care 
and  patience  necessary 
in  the  manufacture  and 
because  the  finished  hook 
in  many  ways  is  the  ex 
act  counterpart  of  our 
modern  hook,  devoid  of 
the  barb.  See  Fig.  54. 
Baum  Village,  in  com 
parison  with  other  vil 
lages  in  Ohio,  is  very 
rich  in  fishhooks,  broken 
and  perfect  hooks  being 
found  in  every  section, 
some  large,  being  over 
two  and  one-half  inches 
in  length,  while  some 
were  quite  small,  not  ex- 
c  e  e  d  i  n  g  one  inch  in 
length.  Beside  the  per 
fect  hooks,  every  stage 
in  the  manufacture  of 


FIG.    53  —  Flaking    tools    made    of   elk    horn    (two 
thirds  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        67 

the  hook  was  also  found.  This  is  valuable  because  of  the  com 
parisons  that  can  be  made  with  those  found  in  other  places  in 
Ohio.  Referring  to  Fig.  55,  we  find  No.  I  representing  three 
perfect  specimens  of  fish-hooks  made  from  the  tibiotarsus  of 
the  Wild  Turkey,  and  many  of  the  unfinished  specimens  show 
that  this  bone  was  used.  All  three  hooks  have  been  carefully 
made  and  two  are  highly  polished,  and  all  have  straight  and 
rounded  shanks.  Two  of  the  hooks  have  grooves  cut  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  shank,  and  the  third  has  the  shank  enlarged  at  the 
upper  end.  All  of  the  hooks  have  sharp  points,  and  owing  to 
the  curvature  of  the  bone,  which  shows  the  marrow  cavity,  the 


FIG.    54  — Typical    fish-hooks    found   in    the    village    (full    size). 

points  are  not  in  the  same  plane  as  the  shank.  No.  i  was  taken 
from  a  refuse  heap  and  Nos.  2  and  3  from  the  refuse  pits.  No. 
2  of  Fig.  55  shows  three  specimens  made  of  bone  entirely  dif 
ferent  from  that  in  No.  i.  On  one  side  of  the  hook  the  spongy 
character  of  the  rib  bone  has  not  been  entirely  cut  away,  as 
shown  plainly  in  No.  3,  and  the  bone  from  which  all  three  are 
made  is  presumably  the  rib  of  the  deer.  No.  I  has  a  very 
long  shank  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  hook.  The  upper 
part  of  the  shank  has  a  crease  cut  entirely  around  for  attach 
ment.  No.  2  is  the  smallest  hook  found  in  the  village.  No.  3 
is  quite  a  large  hook  and  well  wrought,  but  shows  the  cellular 
structure  of  the  bone  from  which  it  was  made.  No.  3  of  Fig.  55 


68        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


Exploration  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        69 

shows  three  hooks.  Nos.  i  and  2  represent  masterpieces  in  the 
art  of  fish-hook  making.  No.  I  has  a  perfectly  fresh  appear 
ance,  is  of  fine  workmanship  and  well  polished.  The  shank 
is  flat  with  well-rounded  edges  and  a  perfectly  cut  groove  for 
the  attachment  of  the  line.  The  curve  of  the  hook  is  symmetrical 
and  the  point  is  very  sharp.  No.  2  is  another  well-wrought 
specimen  and  perhaps  excels  in  general  workmanship  any  of  the 
hooks  found  in  the  village.  It  has  a  round  shank  and  a  well- 
cut  groove  in  the  upper  end;  the  point  of  the  hook  is  sharp  and 
nicely  polished.  No.  3  is  quite  a  large  hook  with  a  slim,  round 
shank,  enlarged  at  the  upper  end.  The  point  of  this  hook  is 
not  in  the  same  plane  with  the  shank,  owing  to  the  curvature 
of  the  bone.  No.  4  of  Fig.  55  shows  three  finely-wrought  hooks. 
No.  i  has  a  round  shank  with  an  enlarged  end  and  the  point, 
which  is  gracefully  curved  and  finely  polished,  does  not  extend 
parallel  to  the  shank,  as  in  the  majority  of  hooks  found  in  the 
village.  No.  2  is  similar  to  No.  i  in  general  outline,  differing 
only  in  being  made  stronger.  No.  3  has  a  very  slender  shank 
with  an  enlarged  top,  and  differs  from  I  and  2  in  having  the 
point  parallel  with  the  shank.  All  three  hooks  were  found  in 
the  refuse  pits.  Beside  the  masterpieces  in  the  art  of  fish-hook- 
making  found  in  the  village,  specimens  showing  the  various  stages 
in  the  manufacture  of  the  implement  were  found,  and  it  seems 
that  the  ancient  artificer  had  in  mind  a  well  defined  plan  and 
proceeded  to  work  it  out  in  bone  to  the  best  advantage.  No. 
5  of  Fig.  55  shows  two  specimens  illustrating  certain  stages  in 
the  making  of  the  fish-hook.  No.  I  shows  a  shank  almost  com 
plete  with  an  enlarged  top,  but  the  base  and  point  show  but 
little  work.  In  No.  2  the  base  has  been  practically  finished 
and  the  cutting  away  of  the  bone  forming  the  shank  and  point 
begun.  No.  6  of  Fig.  55  shows  two  specimens  representing  the 
very  early  stages  in  the  manufacture.  The  two  bones  are  cut 
the  desired  length  and  made  ready  to  remove  the  center.  When 
this  is  done  the  bone  will  have  the  appearance  of  one  in  No.  7 
of  Fig.  55  and  is  ready  to  be  cut  into  two  parts  and  made  into 
hooks.  This  could  be  done  by  cutting  one  side  for  the  point 
which  would  be  nearer  one  end,  and  then  cutting  the  other  side 
in  a  similar  manner,  thus  producing  two  hooks  instead  of  one, 


70        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

No.  2  also  shows  that  the  maker  had  in  view  the  same  object 
as  shown  in  No.  i,  but  had  not  so  nearly  completed  the  work. 

Throughout  the  village  various  portions  of  fish-hooks  were 
found,  such  as  points,  bases  and  shanks,  and  in  No.  8  of  Fig.  55 
a  number  of  these  pieces  are  shown.  Fully  ninety-five  per  cent, 
of  the  hooks  are  broken  at  the  curve  between  the  point  and  the 
shank. 

Fish-hooks  found  at  the  Gartner  Village  site*  were  similar 
in  every  respect  to  those  found  at  the  Baum  Village,  even  to 
the  details  of  their  manufacture,  while  at  Madisonville,  Prof. 
Putnam  found  that  the  aboroginal  fish-hook  makers  proceeded  to 
make  their  hooks  in  a  very  different  manner  —  by  first  boring  a 
hole  through  the  bone,  and  the  hole  was  the  beginning  of  the 
inside  of  the  curve  of  the  hook.  The  point  and  shank  were 
worked  out  from  this  hole.  Prof.  Putnam  has  described  the 
stages  of  fish-hook  manufacture  at  Madisonville  in  an  article 
on  "The  Way  Fish-hooks  Were  Made  in  the  Little  Miami  Val 
ley,"  which  appears  in  the  Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Trus 
tees  of  the  Peabody  Museum.  In  no  instance  have  I  found  at 
the  B'aum  Village  Site  any  bone  intended  to  be  fashioned  into 
a  fish-hook  that  had  been  perforated  by  drilling.  In  the  article 
referred  to,  Prof.  Putnam  also  describes  two  perfect  fish-hooks 
and  one  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  which  were  taken  from 
an  ancient  burial  place  along  the  Little  Miami  River  by  Dr. 
Metz,  which  differ  from  those  found  in  the  ash  pits  at  Madison 
ville,  but  agree  in  every  respect  with  those  from  the  Baum  Vil 
lage  Site. 

Shell  Spoons  —  Spoons  made  of  the  mussel  shells  are  fre 
quently  found  in  the  refuse  pits,  but  the  graves  furnish  three- 
fourths  of  all  found  in  the  village.  Very  often  a  large  amount 
of  work  in  shaping  the  shell  to  the  proper  proportions  is  re 
quired,  while  in  others  very  little  work  is  needed.  Fig.  56  is  a 
good  illustration  of  the  average  spoon. 

Spoons  —  Spoons  made  from  the  carapace  of  the  common  box 
turtle  —  Terrapene  Carolina  —  are  found  in  all  sections  of  the 
village.  Fig.  57  is  a  very  good  illustration  of  the  turtle-shell 


*  Fishhooks   described   Vol.  XIII,  Gartner  Md.  &  Village  Site,  Pub. 
pf  the  O.  S.  A.  Sf  H.  Society. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        71 


spoon,  though  many  of  them  have  but  little  work  upon  them, 
but  where  they  were  in  constant  use  the  carapace  was  cut  and 
trimmed  entirely  around  the  edges.  They  were  also  found  in 
the  graves,  but  the  majority  of  the  turtle-shell  spoons  found  in 
the  refuse  pits  were  broken. 

Woven  Fabrics  —  Evidences  of  woven  fabrics  were  found  in 
the  refuse  pits  where  the  cloth  had  been  charred.  Associated  with 
the  cloth  was  corn,  beans  and  nuts  of  various  kinds,  and  perhaps 
the  woven  fabric  at  one  time  served  as  a  container  for  the  care  of 
the  agricultural  products  until  needed  for  use.  The  bags  may  have 
been  used  for  carrying  and  collecting  stores  of  various  kinds.  No 

fabrics  were  found  in  the  graves, 
as  all  the  dead  were  buried  in 
the  usual  way  of  placing  the 
body  at  full  length  in  the  grave, 
and  no  fire  was  used  in  connec 
tion  with  the  burial  ceremony. 
Consequently,  if  a  woven  fabric 
was  used  for  clothing,  and  this 
clothing  placed  with  the  dead, 
not  a  single  thread  or  imprint 
of  the  cloth  remained. 

Ornaments  —  In  the  begin 
ning  of  our  study  of  the  primi 
tive  ornaments  secured  at  the 
Baum  Village  site,  both  in  the 
burials  and  those  found  scattered 
in  the  tepee  sites  and  the  refuse 
pits,  I  at  once  saw  the  similarity 
of  the  primitive  forms  to  those 

FIG.    56— Shell    spoon    (two-thirds    size). 

of  civilized  forms.  Our  pen 
dants,  necklaces,  bracelets  and  mounted  pearls  — all  these  forms 
were  found  in  abundance  in  the  village,  and  the  difference  lies 
not  so  much  in  the  form  as  in  the  material  and  the  workman 
ship.  However,  a  primitive  pearl  necklace  taken  from  one  of 
the  graves  would  differ  but  little  from  a  modern  pearl  neck 
lace,  and  that  only  in  the  matter  of  selection  of  the  pearls.  The 
drilling,  the  manner  of  mounting  and  the  wearing  were  identical 


72        Explorations  of  the  Bainn  Prehistoric  I  'illagc  Site. 


t 


with  those  of  to-day.  At  the  Gartner  Mound*  a  gorget  was 
found  with  a  hole  cut  in  the  center  and  a  pearl  cut  and  mounted 
to  properly  fill  it. 

The  ornaments  for  the  most  part  were  made  of  shell,  bone 
and  stone,  and  were  abundant  in  the  refuse  pits  and  burials. 
Out  of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  burials  unearthed  in 
the  village,  only  nine  were  devoid  of  ornaments  of  some  kind. 

The  ornaments  made 
">^  of  shell   were  of  two 

kinds :     those    made 
from   the    fresh   water 
m  u  s  s  e  1,  so  abundant 
»;j|l  in    the    streams,    and 

%'  those  made  from  ocean 

shells,  perhaps  secured 
by  barter.  The  fresh 
water  mussel,  on  ac- 
count  of  the  size, 
would  only  furnish  the 
smaller  gorgets  and 
beads,  such  as  are 
shown  in  Fig.  58,  while 
the  large  shell  gorgets, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  59, 
were  made  from  the 
body  whorl  of  an  ocean 
shell.  The  gorgets 
shown  in  Fig.  58  are 
of  three  kinds :  those 
perforated  with  one 
hole,  which  is  placed 
at  the  center  of  the  disk  and  range  in  diameter  from  one-half  inch 
to  one  inch,  the  small  size  being  more  abundant ;  those  perfor 
ated  with  two  holes,  which  are  placed  near  the  edge  of  the  gor 
get  and  about  one- fourth  inch  apart;  and  those  perforated  with 
three  holes,  one  at  the  center,  which  is  usually  the  largest  of  the 

*  Exploration  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  village  site,  pub.  of  the 
Qhio  State  Arch.  $  Hist.  Society,  vol.  XIII. 


I 


PIG. 


• 


—  Spoon   made   of  the   carapace   of  the  common 
land  turtle   (half  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        73 

three,  and  two  near  the  edge  about  one-fourth  inch  apart.  The 
central  hole  is  usually  quite  large  in  proportion  to  the  holes 
near  the  edge,  and  no  doubt  was  set  with  pearls  and  other  ob 
jects.  The  large  shell  gorget,  as  shown  in  Fig.  59,  was  found 
in  the  grave  of  a  child  about  ten  years  of  age,  and  is  the  only 
large  gorget  found  during  the  entire  explorations  in  the  village. 
Shell  Pendants — Pendants  made  of  shell,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
60,  were  found  in  every  section  of  the  village,  especially  in  the 
burials.  For  the  most  part  they  were  made  of  ocean  shells,  oc- 


FlG.    58  — Typical    shell    gorgets    (full    size). 

casionally  one  being  found  made  of  mussel  shell.  Those  made 
of  ocean  shells  were  usually  an  irregular  strip  of  shell,  unevenly 
polished,  and  pierced  at  one  end  for  attachment,  and  varied  in 
length  from  two  inches  to  three  and  one-half  inches. 

Shell  Beads  —  Beads  made  of  shell  were  for  the  most  part 
made  of  ocean  shells,  and  were  of  two  kinds,  those  made  from 
the  large  body  whorls  of  Fulgur  perversum,  never  exceeding  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  highly  polished  and  perforated 
with  a  hole  at  the  center  and  representing  a  high  degree  of  skill 


74        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

in  their  manufacture.  The  other  kind  was  made  from  a  small 
ocean  shell,  Oliva  literata,  which  was  slightly  altered  by  cutting 
away  the  apex  and  producing  a  passage  for  a  string,  which  may 
be  introduced  through  the  natural  aperature.  Another  small  ocean 
shell,  Marginilla  conoidalis,  was  frequently  met  with,  and  they 
were  cut  and  ground  in  the  same  way  as  the  Oliva. 

Pearl  Beads  —  Beads  made  from  the  fresh  water  pearls  are 
frequently  met  with  in  the  graves.  The  pearls  are  all  small, 
usually  irregular  in  shape,  and  have  no  doubt  lost  much  in  size 
by  exfoliation,  as  the  thin  decayed  lamellae  drops  off  in  concen 
tric  scales,  showing  beneath  the  iridescent  nacre.  The  pearls 


u 


FIG.  5!) — Shell  gorget  made  of  ocean  shell  (two-thirds  size). 


FIG.  00  —  Pendants 
made  of  ocean  shell 
(two-thirds  size). 


were  no  doubt  secured  from  the  fresh  water  mussels  found  so 
abundantly  in  the  river. 

Bone  Beads  —  Beads  made  of  bone  were  present  in  almost 
all  the  graves  where  ornaments  were  placed,  and  they  were  also 
abundant  in  the  tepee  sites  and  refuse  pits.  Fig.  61  shows  a 
necklace  of  bone  beads  made  from  the  femurs  of  small  animals, 
and  the  wing  bones  of  birds.  This  necklace  was  found  in  the 
grave  of  an  adolescent.  Bone  beads  were  made  in  two  ways,  by 
cutting  a  crease  entirely  around  the  bone  with  a  flint  and  then 
breaking,  and  afterward  polishing  to  remove  the  rough  edges. 
Fully  75  per  cent,  of  the  beads  are  made  in  this  way.  Another 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        75 

way  of  making  beads  was  by  the  use  of  fire,  perhaps  resorted 
to  when  flint  was  not  at  hand,  and  was  accomplished  by  burning 
a  ring  around  the  bone  at  the  point  desired,  and  then  breaking 
and  afterward  grinding  off  the  rough  edges.  By  this  process 
a  part  of  the  charred  bone  remains  and  takes  a  high  polish, 
which  no  doubt  added  to  the  ornamental  value  of  the  beads.  The 
necklaces  found  at  the  Baum  Village  for  the  most  part  con 
sisted  of  a  strand  of  beads,  small  toward  the  ends  and  increas 
ing  in  size  toward  the  middle,  where  a  central  bead  of  unusual 
size  or  design  is  placed.  Sometimes  this  central  bead  takes  the 


FIG.    Gl  —  Beads    made    of    bone. 

form  of  a  pendant,  which  may  be  made  of  bone  as  shown  in 
Fig.  62,  or  a  perforated  canine  of  the  black  bear  or  a  large 
piece  of  polished  shell.  Further  indications  were  found  in  the 
graves  that  beads  were  also  used  to  ornament  their  hair,  and 
even  hung  as  pendants  from  the  hair.  Other  burials  show  that 
beads  were  used  as  bracelets  and  anklets. 

Pendants  Made  of  Teeth  —  Canine  teeth  of  the  bear,  wolf 
and  elk  were  invariably  used  for  pendants  in  necklaces,  and 
quite  often  formed  the  entire  necklace.  Fig.  63  is  the  canine 
tooth  of  the  Indian  dog.  perforated  at  the  base  for  attachment. 
Fig.  64  shows  three  canine  teeth  perforated  at  the  base  for  at- 


76        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

tachment.  The  two  teeth  to  the  left,  an  upper  and  lower  canine, 
are  those  of  the  black  bear ;  the  one  to  the  right  is  the  canine 
of  the  gray  wolf.  None  of  the  large  teeth  found  in  the  Vil 
lage  had  any  work  done  upon  them  other  than  a  hole  drilled 
through  the  base.  Fig.  65  shows  the  upper  carnassial  of  the 


FIG.  62 —  Pendants  made  of  bone  (half  size). 


FIG.  63  —  Perforated  canine 
tooth  of  the  Indian  dog 
(two-thirds  size). 


gray  wolf  which  was  invariably  used  for  pendants.  The  three 
roots  have  a  groove  cut  around  them  for  attachment.  No  other 
teeth  of  this  animal  were  used  separately  for  ornament,  but  por 
tions  of  the  lower  jaw  with  teeth  attached  were  used. 


FIG.   64  —  Perforated  canines   of  the 
bear  and  wolf   (half  size). 


1'IG.  65  —  U  p  p  e  r  car 
nassial  of  the  wolf, 
grooved  for  attach- 
ment  (4/E  size). 


The  incisor  teeth  of  the  elk,  as  shown  in  Fig.  66,  were  highly 
prized  for  ornament,  and  quite  often  formed  the  pendant  of 
necklaces  found  with  the  burials.  The  majority  of  the  teeth 
had  a  groove  cut  around  the  end  of  the  root  for  attachment. 
However,  quite  a  number  were  perforated  with  a  hole  for  at- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


tachment.  The  incisor  teeth  of  the  deer,  although  much  like  the 
elk,  were  not  used  for  ornament.  The  canine  teeth  of  the  elk, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  67,  were  always  used  for  ornament.  From  one 
grave  a  necklace  composed  of  nine  teeth  was  found ;  in  another 
two  teeth  were  found,  one  on  each  side  of  the  head  of  the 
skeleton,  and  were  presumably  used  as  ear  ornaments,  while  in 
other  instances  a  single  tooth  was  found  in  a  position  to  indi 
cate  its  use  as  a  pendant  suspended  from  the  neck  unassociated 
with  any  other  ornament.  The  teeth  for  the  most  part  had  a 
single  hole  for  attachment,  the  drilling  being  done  from  both 
sides  of  the  tooth  through  the  base  of  the  root.  Occasionally 
a  tooth  would  be  met  with  having  two  holes  for  attachment. 

Another    interesting   pendant   and   found    in    many    burials, 
was  that  made  from  the  digits  of  the  wild  turkey  and  other  large 


FlG.    66  —  Pendants    made   of   the    in 
cisor   teeth   of  the  elk    (%  size). 


KlG.  67  —  Perforated  canine 
teeth  of  the  elk  (%  size.) 


birds.  They  were  made  by  drilling  a  hole  in  the  posterior  end 
of  the  digit  to  the  depth  of  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and 
then  drilling  a  hole  from  the  side  until  a  connection  was  made 
with  the  first  hole  drilled.  No  other  work  was  done  upon  them. 
Pendants  made  of  claws  of  various  animals  and  birds,  such  as 
the  bear,  wolf,  mountain  lion  and  eagle  were  found  sparingly 
in  all  parts  of  the  village  examined.  The  majority  of  the  claws 
were  not  perforated  for  attachment,  but  invariably  those  of  the 
mountain  lion  were  perforated  with  one  hole. 

Cut  Jaivs  Used  as  Ornaments  —  The  cutting  into  form  of 
animal  jaws  to  be  worn  as  ornament  was  a  very  prominent 
feature  in  ornament  making  of  the  inhabitants  of  Baum  Vil 
lage.  The  upper  and  lower  jaws  of  the  Gray  Wolf  (Canis  oc- 
cidentalis)  were  always  made  into  ornaments.  Fig.  68  shows 
a  very  frequent  way  of  cutting  the  jaw  in  the  desired  form. 


78        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Tillage  Site. 

The  inferior  dental  canal  is  entirely  cut  away,  and  the  ends  of 
the  roots  of  the  teeth  are  also  cut  away.  The  incisors  and  pre- 
molars  are  gone,  but  the  canine  remains.  Another  form  of  cut 
ting  the  jaw  is  shown  in  Fig.  69,  where  two  molars  and  two  pre- 
molars  are  left.  Fig.  70  shows  the  manner  in  which  the  jaw 


FIG.    68  —  Cut   jaw   of   the   wolf    (half 
size). 


FIG.   69  —  Cut   lower   jaw   of  the 
wolf    (half  size). 


was  cut.  Bear  jaws  cut  into  ornaments  were  not  found  in  the 
village,  though  in  other  sections  of  the  county  ornaments  made 
of  the  jaws  of  this  animal  were  frequently  met  with.  At  the 
Baum  Village  nothing  but  the  gray  wolf  was  found. 

Deer  jaws  cut  into  implements  or  ornaments  are  not  abun 
dant  in  the  village,  although  the  perfect  and  broken   jaws   are 


KlG.  70 —  Cut  wolf  jaw,  showing  a  stage  in  the  manufacture  of  an  ornament  (half  size). 

present  everywhere.  Fig.  71  shows  a  very  interesting  cut  jaw. 
The  posterior  part  is  entirely  cut  away,  and  the  symphysis  is 
greatly  reduced  by  cutting  and  afterward  polishing.  The  per 
fect  set  of  teeth  shows  no  artificial  wear.  So  far  I  have  not 
been  able  to  suggest  its  use. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.         79 

Wild  turkey  heads  perforated  with  from  one  to  three  holes 
were  abundant  in  the  refuse  pits,  but  none  were  found  in  the 
graves.  However,  at  the  Gartner  Mound,  in  one  of  the  graves, 
fourteen  heads  were  found  which  had  served  as  rattles.  The 
heads  were  perforated  with  holes  for  attachment,  and  each  con- 


FlG.  71  —  Cut  lower  mandible  of  the  deer  (two-thirds  size). 

tained  small  quartz  pebbles.    The  heads  found  at  Baum  resembled 
in  every  way  those  found  at  the  Gartner  Mound. 

Pipes  —  Both  perfect  and  broken  pipes  were  found  in  every 
section  of  the  village,  though  not  many  were  found  in  the  graves. 
Out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  burials  only  two  had  pipes 
placed  in  the  grave,  one  had  a  single  pipe  as  shown  in  Fig.  72, 
and  the  other  had  two,  both  made  very  much  alike,  one  of  which 

is  shown  in  Fig.  73.  For 
the  most  part,  pipes  with 
out  stems  were  the  pre 
vailing  type  found. 


:   '         * 


FIG.  11  —  Ovoid  pipe 
found  in  one  of  the 
burials  (2/3  size). 


FIG.  73  —  Pipe  made 
of  limestone  found 
with  one  of  the 

burials   (two-thirds 
size). 


FIG.      74  —  Pipe      with      short 
stern    (half   size). 


A  type  of  pipe  with  a  short  stem  is  shown  in  Fig.  74,  as 
well  as  a  tubular  pipe  made  of  clay,  was  also  found.  The 
tubular  pipes  were  apparently  made  of  the  same  kind  of  tem 
pered  clay  used  in  making  pottery.  The  average  length  was 
four  and  one-half  inches,  and  the  greatest  diameter  one  inch. 


80        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

The  tube  at  the  largest  end  would  average  almost  three-fourths 
of  an  inch,  gradually  tapering  to  the  small  end,  where  it  is 
about  one-fourth  inch  or  less  in  diameter. 

The  egg-shaped  or  oval  forms  were  more  abundant  than 
any  other  form.  They  were  made  of  limestone,  quartzite,  slate 
and  sandstone.  Pipes  showing  all  the  stages  of  manufacture 
were  found  from  the  roughly  pecked  form  to  the  polished 
quartzite  with  the  hole  in  the  bowl  half  completed. 

Method  of  Burial  in  the  Village  —  The  manner  of  burying 


FIG.  75  —  Skull  taken  from  one  of  the  burials  in  the  village. 

the  dead,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  may  be  considered  as  the  typical 
method  at  the  Baum  Village.  Each  family  group  had  their  own 
private  burial  ground,  and  it  was  very  close  to  the  tepee.  In 
several  instances  the  graves  were  less  than  three  feet  from  the 
tepee  site  and  seldom  would  the  graves  be  more  than  ten  feet 
away.  In  close  proximity  to  the  mound  the  family  groups  were 
quite  near  each  other,  and  the  family  burial  ground  so  restricted 
that  the  dead  would  necessarily  be  buried  close  together,  and 
the  subterranean  storehouses  would  be  dug  near  the  burial 
grounds.  This  condition  is  shown  in  Fig.  76,  where  three  chil- 


. 

i*.sr-Aik__  -  *    •.;••••-•- . -i  > 


82       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 

dren  and  four  adults  were  exposed  and  photographed  together 
with  one  of  the  largest  storehouses  found  in  the  village.  Three 
more  children  were  found  to  the  right  of  those  shown  in  the 
photograph,  making  ten  in  this  family  group,  four  adults  and 
six  children.  The  tepee  site  was  to  the  left  of  the  burials  and 
so  close  that  the  head  of  the  adult  to  the  left  was  very  much 
less  than  three  feet  from  the  post  molds  which  show  the  outline 
of  the  tepee.  While  no  pottery  was  placed  in  the  graves  of 
this  group,  the  fragments  show  perhaps  the  most  elaborate  dec 
orations  and  the  remains  of  the  largest  vessel  found  in  the  vil 
lage.  The  subterranean  storehouses  were  also  unusually  large 
and  the  contents  were  very  rich  in  animal  remains  and  imple- 


FlG.  77  — •  Burials  encircling  a  tepee  site. 

ments  and  ornaments  of  various  kinds.  In  another  group  the 
burials  were  in  a  circle  around  two  sides  of  the  tepee.  Three 
of  these  burials  are  shown  in  Fig.  77,  while  two  more  to  the 
right  constitute  the  family  group.  For  the  most  part  the  bodies 
were  placed  in  the  grave  with  a  perishable  covering,  though  three 
graves  were  exhumed  which  were  covered  with  slabs  of  slate. 
The  covered  graves  pertained  to  three  different  families,  and 
each  was  in  close  proximity  to  other  graves.  Fig.  78  shows  a 
covered  grave  of  an  adolescent ;  on  the  left  is  an  adult  and 
between  the  two  is  the  skeleton  of  a  very  small  child.  The 
adolescent's  grave,  as  is  shown  by  the  photograph,  was  carefully 
covered  with  the  slabs  of  slate,  showing  more  than  ordinary  care 
for  the  dead.  The  three  covered  graves  contained  two  adoles- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        83 


84       Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  J'illagc  Site. 

cents,  and  one  child.  Another  form  of  burial  occasionally  met 
with  in  the  family  groups  was  where  the  interment  was  made 
in  one  of  the  abandoned  storehouses.  A  photograph  of  this  mode 
of  burial  is  shown  in  Fig.  79.  The  head  is  bent  backward  and 
the  legs  are  flexed  so  that  the  feet  are  very  near  the  pelvis,  and 
the  whole  body  made  to  conform  to  the  size  of  the  pit.  During 
the  entire  exploration  only  four  skeletons  were  taken  from  the 
bottom  of  refuse  pits,  showing  that  perhaps  the  burials  were 


FIG.  79  —  llurial   in  one  of  the   refuse  pits. 

emergency  burials,  the  death  occurring  during  the  winter  when 
the  ground  was  frozen,  making  it  a  very  difficult  task  to  excavate 
the  frozen  earth  with  the  primitive  digging  implements.  How 
ever,  the  pit  burials  may  have  only  been  temporary  burials,  and 
the  re-interment  would  take  place  when  conditions  were  favor 
able  for  making  the  proper  excavations.  In  two  of  the  burials 
in  the  pits  the  indications  point  to  a  permanent  burial  after  the 
bodies  had  been  placed  in  the  pits,  which  were  quite  deep.  The 
clay  forming  the  sides  of  the  pit  was  used  to  cover  the  body  to 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        85 

the  depth  of  four  inches,  and  afterwards  the  pit  was  filled  with 
refuse  the  same  as  other  pits  in  the  village.  The  other  two  burials 
had  been  placed  in  the  pits  after  they  had  been  about  one-fourth 
filled  with  refuse,  and  the  bodies  were  covered  with  ashes  to 
the  depth  of  three  inches,  and  the  pits  afterwards  filled  with 
refuse.  These  two  may  have  been  temporary  burials  and  left 
by  accident  in  the  pits. 

The  inhabitants  of  Baum  Village,  according  to  the  measure 
ments,  would  average  for  adult  males  about  five  feet  seven  and 
one-half  inches  in  height  and  adult  females  five  feet  four  inches, 
only  one  man  being  found  that  would  measure  six  feet.  His 
skeleton  as  shown  in  Fig.  80.  The  bones  of  the  skeleton  are 
perfect,  and  are  large  in  proportion  to  the  height  of  the  indi 
vidual.  He  died  before  reaching  the  age  of  thirty  years.  Sev- 


FIG.    80  —  The   largest  skeleton   found   in   the   village. 

eral  skeletons  of  adult  males  found  in  the  village  have  strong, 
heavy  and  perfect  bones  and  prominent  muscular  attachment,  in 
dicating  that  they  were  strong -and  muscular,  and  lived  to  a  ripe 
old  age.  A  photograph  of  one  of  these  skeletons,  which  measures 
five  feet  six  and  three-quarter  inches  in  height,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  81. 

Out  of  forty-nine  tepee  sites  explored,  ten  had  no  burials 
surrounding  them,  and  only  a  few  storehouses,  showing  that  the 
tepee  had  not  been  occupied  for  any  great  period.  All  the 
burials  in  the  entire  village  were  practically  the  same,  being 
placed  in  a  grave  with  their  implements  and  ornaments,  unat 
tended  by  any  ceremony  of  fire. 

As  I  have  stated  elsewhere  in  this  paper,  fifty-eight  per 
cent,  of  the  children  never  reached  the  adult  age.  I  also  made  an 
estimate  from  my  field  notes  of  the  fifty-three  adults  and  find 


86       Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  I' Mage  Site. 

that  ninety-two  per  cent,  died  before  reaching  the  age  of  fifty, 
and  that  fifty-six  per  cent,  died  before  reaching  the  age  of  thirty. 
1  also  found  that  twenty-one  skeletons  of  the  one  hundred  and 
twenty-seven  exhumed  had  diseased  bones,  and  I  requested  Mr. 
S.  T.  Orton,  then  a  student  at  the  Ohio  State  University  pre 
paratory  to  his  course  in  medicine  and  one  of  my  assistants  in 
the  field,  to  take  up  the  study  of  the  diseased  bones  when  the 
proper  time  came.  Accordingly,  after  finishing  his  scientific 
course  at  the  Ohio  State  University,  he  entered  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  devoted  much 
of  his  spare  time  for  three  years  to  the  microscopical  study  of 
the  diseased  bones  procured  from  the  graves  of  the  Baum  Vil- 


IrIG.   81  —  The  skeleton   in   the   foreground   represents   the  strongest   and  oldest   person 
inhumated   in  the   village. 

lage  Site,  and  in  April,  1905,  published  in  the  Medical  Bulletin 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  the  results  of  his  investiga 
tion  in  a  paper  entitled  "A  Study  of  the  Pathological  Changes 
in  Some  Mound-Builders  Bones  from  the  Ohio  Valley,  With 
Especial  Reference  to  Syphilis,"  and  I  quote  at  some  length  from 
this  article. 

"As  will  be  seen  below  the  lesions  of  the  bones  examined 
are  such  as  to  lead  to  the  diagnosis  of  syphilis  as  their  etio- 
logical  factor.  The  reader  of  works  on  the  history  of  syphilis 
will  find  interest  in  the  discussions  of  many  syphilographers 
and  historians  on  the  origin  of  this  now  almost  universal  dis 
ease.  The  French  writers  especially  have  taken  up  the  argu- 


88        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Fillagc  Site. 

ment,  and  we  find  opinion  divided  between  three  possibilities : 
( i )  That  the  disease  was  endemic  both  in  this  continent  and 
the  old  world  before  communication  was  established  across  the 
Atlantic.  (2)  That  the  origin  of  the  infection  was  in  the  Ameri 
can  races,  and  that  it  was  carried  to  Europe  by  the  sailors  of  Co 
lumbus'  expedition  on  their  return;  and  (3)  the  reverse  of  the 


FIG.  83  —  The  large  skeleton  in  the  center  was  used  by  Dr.  Orton  in  his  investigations. 

latter  theory  —  i.  e.,  that  its  place  of  endemicity  was  in  Europe, 
and  that  it  was  brought  westward  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
by  Columbus'  men  and  so  implanted  here. 

It  will  be  readily  seen  that  the  results  of  the  present  inves 
tigation  have  no  bearing  on  the  two  former  hypotheses.  If  the 
diagnosis  given  is  correct,  in  view  of  the  undoubted  pre-Colum- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        89 

bian  time  of  these  remains,  it  is  entirely  incompatible  with  the 
third  explanation.  It  may  well  be  added  here,  however,  that 
the  supporters  of  this  theory  are  comparatively  few. 

A  vast  amount  of  literature  has  been  published  in  discus 
sion  of  this  question,  and  strong  arguments  brought  to  bear  on 
all  sides. 

The  work  of  Buret  in  support  of  the  universal  pre-Colum 
bian  distribution  brings  up  some  very  strong  proofs.  These 
volumes,  while  of  only  a  semi-scientific  nature,  gives  a  resume 
of  a  great  amount  of  evidence  of  various  worth.  Early  in  the 
first  volume  is  an  account  of  lesions  found  on  human  osseus 
remains  exhumed  at  Soultre  in  the  Department  of  Saone-et- 
Loire  in  western  France.  These  bones,  found  buried  with  those 
of  the  horse  and  reindeer  and  cut  flints,  etc.,  belonging  to  the 
Gallo-Roman  or  Merovingian  epochs,  were  referred  by  anthro 
pologists  of  the  best  authority  to  the  Stone  age,  and,  the  author 
adds,  "examined  by  Broca,  Oilier,  Parrot,  and  Virchow,  the  le 
sions  were,  by  common  consent,  pronounced  syphilitic."  Then 
follow  reports  of  examinations  of  several  Peruvian  prehistoric 
skulls  showing  evidences  of  acquired  and  hereditary  syphilis  and, 
by  way  of  contrast,  lesions  which  from  their  description  seem 
identical,  on  bony  remains  from  the  caverns  and  dolmens  inhab 
ited  by  "tribes  who  peopled  the  Gauls  during  the  Stone  Age  and 
in  the  druidical  times  before  the  Prankish  dynasties."  In  another 
chapter  is  given  an  abstract  of  translations  from  Chinese  doc 
uments  collected  by  the  Emperor  Hoang-ty,  2637  B.  c.,  and  form 
ing  the  volume  Hoang-ty-mi-King  or  the  Medical  Treatise  of 
Hoang-ty.  Quotations  of  this  translation  give  very  apt  descrip 
tions  of  the  two  main  varieties  of  venereal  ulcers  with  reference 
to  the  connection  between  the  Hunterian  sore  and  the  secondary 
eruption,  with  an  account  of  the  varieties  of  the  latter  which  is 
easily  recognizable,  and  as  treatment  advise  mercurial  frictions, 
aided  by  an  oily  mixture  and  a  powder  composed  of  mercury.* 

*  It  is  of  interest  here  to  mention  also  the  account  of  vaccination 
against  variola  practised  by  the  Hindoo  physicians  1000  years  B.  c.,  by 
taking  the  liquid  of  the  pustule  of  the  cow's  teat  or  from  the  arm  of 
a  human  being,  placing  it  upon  the  point  of  a  lancet  and  introducing 
it  into  the  arm  of  the  patient  to  be  vaccinated,  mixing  the  fluid  with 
the  blood,  etc. 


90       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

In  support  of  the  existence  of  syphilis  in  Biblical  times,  during 
the  ascendancy  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  and  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  is  quoted  a  mass  of  documents,  largely  secular,  which  show 
beyond  doubt  that  venereal  diseases  of  some  kind  were  rampant 
then,  and  would  seem  to  indicate  the  probability  of  the  existence 
of  lues  venerea,  but  hardly  prove  the  point. 

On  the  other  side  the  discussion  was  headed  by  Astruc, 
the  early  French  syphilographer.  His  articles,  while  able,  were 
written  before  the  discovery  of  many  important  pieces  of  evidence, 
and  hence  are  not  of  such  worth  as  the  work  of  Bloch,  which  is 
among  the  most  recent  writing  on  the  subject. 

Bloch  credits  the  appearance  of  the  disease  in  Europe  to 
the  return  of  Columbus'  first  expedition  and  its  rapid  dissem 
ination  to  the  debauchery  of  the  troops  of  Henry  the  VIII.  of 
France  on  his  expedition  against  Naples  and  their  widespread 
dispersion,  carrying  the  infection  with  them,  at  the  end  of  the 
siege.  He  uses  the  malignency  of  the  epidemic  of  Naples  as 
an  argument  in  support  of  his  theory  that  European  peoples 
were  before  that  outbreak  free  from  the  disease  and  consequently 
lacked  that  immunity  which  would  obtain  through  long  exposure 
of  the  race  to  infection.  To  quote  directly :  "Wenn  der  Syphilis 
schon  Jahrtausende  bestanden  hatte,  dann  hatte  doch  im  Laufe 
dieser  langen  Zeit  ein  so  grosse  Immunisirung  der  Volker  des 
Orbis  antiquus  gegen  das  syphilitische  Gift  eintreten  miissen  dass 
die  Ereignisse  am  Ende  das  fiinfzehnten  Jahrhunderts  einfach  un- 
moglich  gewesen  waren. 

He  asks  how  else  can  the  early  appearance  of  the  secondary 
lesions,  the  high  fever,  the  pain,  the  high  mortality,  etc.,  in 
the  Neapolitan  outbreak  be  explained.  It  seems  not  untenable 
to  believe  that  the  infection  had  been  present  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic  for  thousands  of  years  and  that  in  this  way  the 
virus  may  have  become  attenuated  in  each  continent  —  so  much 
so  in  Europe  as  to  have  been  overlooked  during  the  dark  era 
of  the  Middle  Ages,  or  to  have  been  confounded  with  leprosy 
or  other  current  diseases  — and  to  have  owed  its  virulence  in 
the  epidemic  of  1495-6  to  a  transplantation  of  the  infection  of 
American  origin  on  to  what  might  be  for  it  a  favorable  soil. 
Evidences  of  this  variability  in  infective  agencies  is  seen  some- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        91 

times  in  cases  where  inhabitants  of  a  notorious  typhoid  centre 
remain  free  from  infection  for  indefinite  periods  only  to  suc 
cumb  to  the  disease  on  removal  to  another  endemic  focus.  Here 
also  may  be  mentioned  the  severity  of  the  venereal  infections 
brought  back  by  our  own  troops  from  the  Philippines.  One 
author  has  spoken  of  the  organism  of  gonorrhceal  infection  from 
this  source  as  the  micrococcus  gonorrhceae  malignus. 

With  regard  to  the  pathology  of  the  specimens  under  exam 
ination  a  considerable  handicap  is  apparent  in  that  the  cellular  con 
stituents  of  the  bones  are  long  since  disintegrated,  but  the  lesions 
of  the  resistant  parts  are  sufficiently  characteristic  to  permit  of 
diagnosis.  These  changes  in  the  hard  parts  in  syphilitic  diseases 
exclusive  of  the  cellular  study  are  reviewed  here  for  comparison 
with  the  results  to  be  shown  presently. 

All  authors  agree  on  the  subject  that  the  bones  most  fre 
quently  the  seat  of  syphilitic  changes  are  those  which  are  most 
exposed  to  trauma,  which  seems  to  act  as  a  focalizing  factor  for 
the  morbid  process.  The  order  of  preference  given  is :  the  tibia, 
clavicle,  cranium,  ulna,  sternum,  ribs,  etc.  This  is  notoriously 
the  distribution  of  lesions  found  in  the  mound-builders.  One 
particular  skeleton  is  recalled  in  which  the  gross  changes  were 
apparent  in  both  tibiae,  the  vault  of  the  cranium,  one  clavicle, 
and  one  ulna,  and  this  was  noted  before  the  sites  of  election  of 
the  syphilitic  processes  were  known  to  the  observer,  and,  in 
deed,  before  syphilis  was  suspected  as  being  a  factor  in  the 
case.  The  following  figures,  furnished  by  Mr.  Mills,  will  show 
something  of  the  distribution :  Of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
skeletons  exhumed  at  the  Baum  Village  site,  twenty-one  were 
diseased.  Fully  sixty  per  cent,  of  those  affected  show  the  lesions 
worst  upon*  the  tibia,  the  ulna  coming  next  perhaps,  then  the 
cranium  and  then  the  sternum.  But  few  ribs  were  affected. 

"The  gross  changes  brought  about  by  the  syphilitic  process 
in  long  bones  consist  of  one  or  more  large  exotoses  (rarely  a 
hyperostosis)  in  the  diaphysis.  In  the  tibia,  for  instance,  the 
exotosis  is  usually  single  when  well  advanced  and  is  a  large, 
ovoid  hypertrophy,  most  frequently  in  the  upper  half  of  the  shaft, 
although  sometimes  the  whole  of  the  diaphysis  is  involved.  This 
new  growth  of  bone,  to  be  typical,  shows  both  in  the  gross  sec- 


92        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

tion  and  microscopically  the  condition  of  rarefying  osteitis  side 
by  side  with  one  of  condensing  osteitis  which  may  be  far  enough 
advanced  to  justify  the  term  'eburnation.'  In  any  given  speci 
men,  however,  the  lesions  may  be  chiefly  confined  to  any  one  of 
these  three  types,  dependent  on  the  progress  of  the  disease  — 
but  the  other  types  are  always  present  to  a  greater  or  less  de 
gree.  There  may  be  also  on  the  surface  of  the  bone  small  osteo- 
phytes  either  of  intense  hardness  when  they  are,  as  a  rule,  more 
or  less  regular  and  polished,  or  when  they  occur  in  the  line  of 
origin  or  insertion  of  a  muscle  roughened,  irregular  projections. 

"Sometimes  the  exostosis,  which  is  nearly  always  on  the 
anterior  aspect  of  the  bone  (that  part  exposed  to  trauma),  may 
involve  the  entire  length  of  the  diaphysis,  giving  a  curve  of 
large  radius  with  convexity  forward  and  distorting  the  whole 
of  the  bone  except  the  epiphyses,  which  seem  to  be  entirely  nor 
mal.  This  gives  rise  to  the  condition  called  'sabre-blade'  de 
formity  when  occurring  in  the  tibia,  where  it  is  most  frequently 
seen.  The  lumen  of  the  medullary  canal  may  be  enlarged  through 
absorption  of  the  bone  surrounding  it.  This  may  be  greater  or 
less  than,  or  equal  to,  the  deposition  of  bone  from  the  periosteal 
side,  thus  giving  a  large  canal  with  thin  walls  or  thick  walls 
with  an  increased  lumen,  or  an  increased  lumen  with  walls  of 
about  normal  thickness.  Sometimes  deposition  of  bone  takes 
place  from  the  endosteum,  encroaching  on  the  medullary  canal 
either  through  the  formation  of  dense  bone  or  through  a  mesh 
of  very  fine  interlacing  spicules  of  osseous  material,  almost  or 
entirely  filling  up  the  original  canal.  The  external  surface  of  an 
exostosis  of  a  long  bone  may  be  as  smooth  as,  or  even  smoother 
than,  the  normal  bone  surface,  in  which  case  the  condition  of 
sclerosis  will  usually  be  found  to  be  the  predominant  one,  or  it 
may  be  marked  with  irregular  lines  or  depressions  more  or  less 
parallel  with  the  long  diameter  of  the  shaft,  or  deeply  grooved 
with  branching  channels  in  which  lay  the  enlarged  periosteal  ves 
sels,  or  filled  with  small  holes  running  into  the  body,  which  on 
section  prove  to  be  enlarged  Haversian  canals  perpendicular  to 
the  shaft. 

"Differential  diagnosis  is  here  made  from  tuberculosis, 
chronic  osteomyelitis,  and  osteitis  deformans.  The  pathological 


Explorations  of  the  liaiun  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        93 

changes  of  bone  syphilis  are  so  clear  and  well  defined,  however, 
as  not  to  require  elaborate  differentiation.  Osteitis  deformans, 
while  a  rare  disease,  now,  is  included  in  view  of  the  fact  that  so 
little  is  known  of  the  diseases  prevalent  at  the  time  from  which 
our  material  has  come.  In  the  osseous  lesions  of  tuberculosis 
and  chronic  osteomyelitis  the  formation  of  an  involucrum  with 
sequestra  and  claocae  is  usually  a  prominent  feature.  In  the 
tuberculous  bone  affections  the  disease  is  very  often  manifested 
in  the  epiphyses  and  joints  and  leaves  there  unmistakable  traces 
of  its  ravages.  Lazarus-Barlow  is  quoted  here :  'Tuberculous 
disease  of  bones  differs  in  the  fact  that  sclerosis  is  almost  char 
acterized  by  its  absence.  *  *  *  It  is  never  found  that  a 
focus  of  tuberculous  disease  shows  a  considerable  formation  of 
new  bone  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  principal  seat  of  the  dis 
ease.  The  utmost  that  we  see  is  the  presence  of  a  few  osteophytic 
growths.'  Again,  the  same  author  says  of  osteitis  deformans : 
'All  bones  are  usually  affected  and  the  whole  bone  is  involved.' 
This  is  a  true  hyperostosis  of  general  distribution  rather  than 
exostosis  on  certain  selected  bones  as  is  the  case  in  syphilis. 

"The  microscopic  picture  of  bone  syphilis  exclusive  of  the 
cellular  changes  is  directly  comparable  to  the  gross  lesions  -*- 
i.  e.,  concurrent  rarefying  and  condensing  osteitis.  Cornil  and 
Ranvier,  in  describing  the  result  of  rarefaction  by  enlargement 
of  the  Haversian  canals,  says :  *  *  *  The  canals  commun 
icate  and  by  their  junction  form  irregular  spaces  filled  with 
marrow  of  an  embryonal  type.'  Simes  and  White,  in  their  trans 
lations  of  Cornil's  Syphilis,  describe  the  sclerotic  changes  as  fol 
lows  :  'When  under  the  influence  of  appropriate  treatment  or  fol 
lowing  the  natural  course  of  the  malady,  the  inflammation  ceases 
and  the  disease  retrogrades,  there  is  seen  a  reparation  of  the 
diseased  and  partially  destroyed  bone.  *  *  *  There  result  new 
lamellae  with  new  osteoblasts,  and  these  form  several  series  par 
allel  one  with  another,  or  follow  the  irregular  arrangement  of 
the  Haversian  canals.  This  exuberant  formation  of  new  osseous 
lamellae  may  constitute  beneath  the  periosteum  exostoses  of  vary 
ing  size  and  in  the  bone  a  parenchymatous  exostosis  or  eburna- 
tion."  Again  in  Shakespeare  and  Simes'  translation  of  Cornil 
and  Ranvier's  work  appears  the  following:  'A  transformation 


94       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

which  has  taken  place  in  consequence  of  the  formation  of  osseous 
tissue  which  being  deposited  in  the  interior  of  the  canals  has 
narrowed  them.  The  new  osseous  layers  may  be  so  arranged 
that  the  lumen  of  the  canal  does  not  correspond  to  the  centre  of 
the  original  canal.  This  process  continuing,  the  canal  may  be 
completely  obliterated,  so  that  at  the  centre  of  the  concentric 
layers,  instead  of  a  canal  there  is  found  one  or  more  bone  cor 
puscles.' 

"A  rough  qualitative  analysis  of  the  material  under  exam 
ination  showed  large  amounts  of  calcium  and  magnesium,  some 
aluminum,  a  trace  of  iron,  the  carbonic,  sulphuric,  and  hydro 
chloric  acid  radicals,  and  considerable  organic  matter.  On  com 
plete  incineration  of  a  portion  of  bone  in  the  oxidizing  flame, 
reducing  it  to  an  amorphous  white  powder,  a  loss  of  seventeen 
per  cent,  by  weight  was  noted.  After  heating  until  the  mass 
charred  and  then  lost  its  black  color  (becoming  gray  and  not 
white  as  above,  and  leaving  no  residue  on  solution  with  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid)  the  percentage  of  weight  loss  was  on  an  average 
ten.  Although  the  conclusions  here  are  reached  by  a  very  rough 
method  and  are  probably  far  from  accurate,  ten  per  cent,  weight 
loss  is  taken  to  represent  approximately  the  amount  of  organic 
matter  and  the  additional  seven  per  cent,  accounted  for  by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  carbonates  and  the  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide. 
The  source  of  the  organic  matter  here  is  a  question  — -  whether 
remains  of  the  original  animal  matter  of  the  bone,  or  vegetable  re 
placement  during  their  stay  in  the  soil.  The  latter  possibility  seems 
more  reasonable  and  is  supported  by  the  finding  of  small  roots 
in  the  medullary  cavity  of  some  of  the  bones  sending  their 
finer  branches  into  the  cancellous  structure  and  enlarged  Haver- 
sian  canals. 

"RESUME  —  The  material  under  examination  is  from  a 
source  undoubtedly  pre-Columbian  and  the  lesions  are  such  as 
to  justify  the  diagnosis  of  syphilis  by  the  following  pathological 
evidence :  Changes  affecting  chiefly  the  diaphyses  where  long 
bones  are  concerned,  showing  a  predilection  for  those  bones  which 
are  most  exposed  to  trauma,  consisting  of  large  exotoses  and 
osteophytic  overgrowths,  and  characterized  by  the  concurrent 
presence  in  the  same  specimen  of  both  a  rarefying  and  con- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        95 

densing  osteitis  as  demonstrated  by  gross  and  microscopic  ex 
amination.  Of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  skeletons  from  one 
series  of  excavations,  twenty-one  showed  traces  of  disease,  sixty 
per  cent,  of  the  affected  showed  the  changes  most  upon  the  tibia 
with  the  ulna,  cranium,  and  sternum  following  in  order.  Of  the 
specimens  examined  rarefying  osteitis  was  grossly  manifest  in 
all  but  two,  one  of  which  (ankylosed  metatarsal  and  cuneiform) 
was  probably  of  traumatic  or  septic  nature,  and  the  other  (a 
clavicle)  was  not  examined  in  cross-section.  Grossly  sclerosis 
was  evident  in  three  of  the  ten,  while  on  microscopic  examina 
tion  only  one  of  six  from  which  sections  were  taken  failed  to 
show  condensation  in  some  areas." 

The  explorations  of  the  Baum  Village  site  have  brought  to 
light  many  points  of  interest  concerning  the  home  life  of  a 
prehistoric  people  who  had  risen  above  the  level  of  mere  chil 
dren  of  the  forest,  depending  upon  wild  wood  for  their  subsis 
tence.  They  had  established  homes,  a  developed  agriculture, 
made  the  collection  of  and  provided  storage  for  food  supplies 
for  future  use.  Therefore  the  Baum  Village  site  culture  in  all 
essential  points  resembles  the  culture  of  the  Gartner  Village  site 
along  the  Scioto,  and  the  Ft.  Ancient  and  other  culture  sites 
along  the  Miami ;  establishing  the  fact  that  at  one  time  the  val 
leys  of  southern  and  central  Ohio  were  peopled  by  a  culture 
which  was  quite  uniform  throughout  the  entire  section,  and  for 
convenience  I  have  termed  these  early  inhabitants  the  Ft.  Ancient 
Culture.  The  manufacture  of  their  implements,  such  as  scrapers, 
awls,  needles  and  fish-hooks,  as  well  as  the  many  implements 
in  stone,  as  shown  by  the  various  stages  in  the  manufacture  of 
these  implements,  were  in  every  respect  similar  throughout  the 
entire  region.  In  the  manufacture  of  their  pottery,  and  especially 
in  regard  to  their  designs  and  shapes,  they  were  quite  similar, 
and  it  would  be  impossible  to  distinguish  the  Ft.  Ancient  pottery 
from  the  Baum,  and  the  Baum  from  the  Gartner  Village  Site 
pottery.  In  the  same  valleys  occupied  by  the  Ft.  Ancient  Cul 
ture  we  find  evidence  of  a  higher  culture,  and  for  my  con 
venience  I  have  designated  this  culture  the  Hopewell  Culture, 
taking  the  articles  secured  by  Prof.  Moorehead  from  the  Hope- 
well  Mounds  as  the  type.  The  Ft.  Ancient  culture  occupied 


&6        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

portions  of  the  valleys  which  were  later  occupied  by  the  Hope- 
well  culture,  as  was  evidenced  by  the  results  of  the  explorations 
of  the  Harness  Mound  group  during  the  past  summer  (1905). 
After  completing  the  explorations  of  the  Harness  Mound,  the 
articles  taken  therefrom  being  of  the  higher  culture,  I  exam 
ined  a  mound  located  outside  of  the  great  circle  and  not  far 
distant  from  the  Harness  Group,  directly  to  the  south,  and  found 
this  mound  to  be  a  burial  mound  of  the  Ft.  Ancient  Culture.  At 
the  center  of  the  mound,  and  a  few  feet  under  the  surface,  was 
found  an  intrusive  cremated  burial,  similar  in  every  respect  to 
the  cremated  burials  of  the  Harness  Mound.  The  artifacts  of 
the  Hopewell  Culture  can  in  almost  every  object  used  in  com 
mon  by  the  two  cultures  readily  be  distinguished  from  those 
of  the  Ft.  Ancient  Culture  by  the  portrayal  of  the  esthetic  ideas 
of  the  artisan. 

My  conclusions  are,  as  I  have  stated  elsewhere  in  this  paper, 
that  the  builders  of  the  Baum  Mound  were  isochronological  with 
the  dwellers  in  the  Baum  Village.  As  in  all  the  sites  of  the  Ft. 
Ancient  Culture  examined,  the  inhabitants  had  an  inter-tribal 
trade,  as  evidenced  by  the  copper,  ocean  shells  and  mica  there 
found ;  that  the  dwellers  in  this  village  were  pre-Columbian,  as 
no  objects  showing  European  contact  were  met  with  and  the 
village  was  occupied  by  the  same  culture  in  all  its  parts. 


FIG.  84  —  Cut  metatarsal   of  the   Mountain   Lion    (three-fourths  size). 


RE1 


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